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FIGURE 20 in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 20. Map showing the known geographic distributions of Croton trinitatis, C. triqueter, C. urucurana, C. uruguayensis, and C. vulnerarius in Paraná state.

FIGURE 16 in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 16. Map showing the known geographic distributions of Croton salutaris, C. sanctae-crucis, C. serpyllifolius, and C. serratifolius in Paraná state.

FIGURE 6 in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 6. Map showing the known geographic distributions of Croton didrichsenii, C. eichleri, C. floribundus and C. fulvus in Paraná state.

FIGURE 5. Croton chaetophorus. A. Habit. B in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 5. Croton chaetophorus. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence with pistillate flowers at the base. C. Staminate flowers. D. Pistillate flowers, note the sepals with green glands (colleters). E. Young capsules. F. Mature capsule, with conspicuous dried colleters on the sepals. C. didrichsenii. G. Habit. H. Congested inflorescence. I. Xylopodium. C. eichleri. J. Habit. K. Stipules. L. Cylindrical acropetiolar nectary glands. M. Reduplicate-valvate sepals of a pistillate flower bud. N. Pistillate flower with tetrafid styles. O. Muricate capsules. Photos: A–N: A.P.N. Pereira, O: R.F. Santos.

FIGURE 7. Croton floribundus. A. Clear latex. B. Stipules. C. Inflorescences. D. Pistillate flowers with multifid styles. E. Muricate capsule. C. fuscus. F. Habit. G. Infloresence with unisexual lower cymules. H. Pistillate flower with tetrafid styles. I in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 7. Croton floribundus. A. Clear latex. B. Stipules. C. Inflorescences. D. Pistillate flowers with multifid styles. E. Muricate capsule. C. fuscus. F. Habit. G. Infloresence with unisexual lower cymules. H. Pistillate flower with tetrafid styles. I. Fruits showing stipitate glands (colleters) on the persistent sepals. C. glandulosus. J. Staminate flowers. K. Pistillate flowers. L. Capsules. Photos: A.P.N. Pereira, E: O.L.M. Silva.

FIGURE 4 in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 4. Map showing the known geographic distributions of Croton ceanothifolius, C. celtidifolius, C. chaetophorus, and C. chamaepitis in Paraná state.

FIGURE 3. Croton ceanothifolius. A. Habit. B. Staminate flowers. C. Pistillate flower with bifid styles. D. Leaf with impressed primary and secondary veins. E. Nearly mature capsules. C. celtidifolius. F in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 3. Croton ceanothifolius. A. Habit. B. Staminate flowers. C. Pistillate flower with bifid styles. D. Leaf with impressed primary and secondary veins. E. Nearly mature capsules. C. celtidifolius. F. Habit (plant in the center with some orange leaves). G. Amber-colored latex. H. Stipules. I. Detail of acropetiolar stipitate nectary glands. J. Inflorescence with lower bisexual cymules. K. Pistillate flower with tetrafid styles. Photos: A.P.N. Pereira.

FIGURE 1. Croton aberrans. A. Inflorescence. B. Staminate flowers. C. Pistillate flowers. C. antisyphiliticus. D. Habit. E. Stipules. F in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 1. Croton aberrans. A. Inflorescence. B. Staminate flowers. C. Pistillate flowers. C. antisyphiliticus. D. Habit. E. Stipules. F. Leaf margin, arrows point to nectary glands in the sinuses. G. Inflorescence showing pistillate flowers at the base. H. Staminate flowers. I. Pistillate flowers. C. bonplandianus. J. Inflorescence. Photos: A–I: A.P.N. Pereira. J: O.L.M. Silva.

FIGURE 2 in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 2. Map showing the known geographic distributions of Croton aberrans, C. antisyphiliticus, C. bonplandianus, and C. calycireduplicatus in Paraná state.

FIGURE 9. Croton glechomifolius. A. Creeping habit. B. Reniform leaves. C in Croton (Euphorbiaceae) of the Brazilian state of Paraná: an annotated checklist, species distribution, and identification key

FIGURE 9. Croton glechomifolius. A. Creeping habit. B. Reniform leaves. C. Leaf base with blackish trichomes. The arrow points to a stipitate acropetiolar nectary gland. D. Pistillate flowers with bifid styles. E. Hispid capsules. C. gracilipes. F. Sessile acropetiolar nectary glands. G. Inflorescence with unisexual lower cymules. H. Staminate flower. I. Capsule. J. Pistillate flowers, with bifid styles; arrow points to petals transformed into globose glands (colleters). C. grandivelus. K. Leaf. L. Congested inflorescence. M. Staminate flowers. Photos: A.P.N. Pereira.

FIGURE 6. Syntergosternite 7 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 6. Syntergosternite 7+8 of male Sarcophaga (s. str.) [no specimen data available]. A–E. Dorsal view; F. Lateral view; C–F. Not to scale. A. S. subvicina: sntgst 7+8 very distinctly pruinose, with long and dense setae of similar length and density as in basal part of epandrium; distal 1/10 very distinctly pruinose. B. S. subvicina, other specimen: sntgst 7+8 slightly pruinose, with long setae. C. S. subvicina, other specimen: sntgst 7+8 normally pruinose, setae not dense. D. S. carnaria: sntgst 7+8 fully glossy, with very long, not dense setae and setae getting shorter and denser towards basal part of epandrium. E. S. variegata: sntgst 7+8 slightly pruinose, with long setae. F. S. carnaria, same specimen as in Fig. 6D: sntgst 7+8 glossy, with short but dense setae. Abbreviations: fg = fully glossy, sntgst 7+8 = syntergosternite 7+8, ta = transition abrupt, tg = transition gradual, vdp = very distinctly pruinose.

FIGURE 5 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 5. Female terminalia of Sarcophaga (s. str.). A. Tergite 6 (T6), with spiracles. B–E. Tergite 8 (T8), cerci and hypoproct. F–G. Spermathecae (SPE). A. S. subvicina (SMNS_Dip_007083). B. S. subvicina (SMNS_Dip_007082): T8 slightly and partially sclerotised, lacking setae. C. S. carnaria (SMNS_Dip_007079): T8 slightly and partially sclerotised, with ca. 20 setae. D. S. carnaria (SMNS_Dip_007080): T8 slightly and partially sclerotised, lacking setae. E. S. variegata (SMNS_Dip_007070): sclerotisation on T8 clearly visible and distinct, T8 with ca. 32 setae. F. S. variegata (SMNS_Dip_007051): spherical apex of SPE distinctly broader than base. G. S. carnaria (SMNS_Dip_007073): spherical apex of SPE comparatively narrow (only slightly wider than base).

FIGURE 3 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 3. Female terminalia of Sarcophaga (s. str.), sternites 6–8. A. S. subvicina (SMNS_Dip_007081): length (L) of sternite 7 (ST7) equal to or longer than width (W). B. S. carnaria (SMNS_Dip_007077): ST7 wider (W) than long (L); anterior, lateral and posterior margins of ST7 straight. C. S. carnaria (SMNS_Dip_007079): anterior margin of ST7 with an indentation in the middle, lateral margins bending inwards on basal half, and posterior margin straight. D. S. variegata (SMNS_Dip_007041): lateral margins of ST7 bending inwards on basal 1/5. E. S. variegata (SMNS_Dip_007040): all margins of ST7 straight. F. S. variegata (SMNS_Dip_007042): lateral margins of ST7 bending inwards on basal half and posterior margin sinuous.

FIGURE 4. Sternite 7 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 4. Sternite 7 (ST7) length to width ratio of Sarcophaga (s. str.) females. Our analysis shows that this morphological character can be used reliably to separate S. subvicina from S. carnaria and S. variegata in most cases (p <0.0001; indicated by asterisks). However, the ST7 length/width ratio cannot be used to distinguish between S. carnaria and S. variegata (p = 0.242; indicated by ns). Box plots show median and first and third quartiles; dots represent extreme outliers. The number (n) of analysed female specimens is indicated above the name of each species.

FIGURE 2 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 2. Neighbor-joining tree of Sarcophaga spp. based on the analysis of 94 COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) barcode sequences of equal length (538 bp). Numbers on the nodes indicate bootstrap support. Distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method. Female specimens collected in 2019–2020 in Baden-Württemberg (SW Germany) and analysed morphologically in this study are displayed in bold. Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart was used as an outgroup species.

FIGURE 1 in A review of morphological characters for the identification of three common European species of Sarcophaga s. str. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), with an emphasis on female terminalia

FIGURE 1. Map of 2020 collection sites near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany (red dots; enlarged section of map depicted in top left corner). For full locality information, see Table 1. Map created using LHS Stuttgart (Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Stadtmessungsamt & Arbeitsgemeinschaft Geoinformationssysteme—GIS- AG; https://gis6.stuttgart.de/maps/index.html?karte=leben&embedded=false#basemap=0).

FIGURE 1 in A new group of species of the genus Megalothorax (Collembola, Neelidae) with Gondwanan distribution, and introducing an open interactive identification key of Megalothorax species

FIGURE 1. Megalothorax anterolenis sp. nov. (A) Chaetotaxy of trunk tergites from Th. I to Abd. IV, with representation of the secondary granulation. (B, C, D) Head, (B) dorsal side including labrum and maxillary palp, (C) ventral side including labium basal fields, (D) variant morphology of the connection between linea ventralis and integumentary channels.

FIGURE 6 in A new group of species of the genus Megalothorax (Collembola, Neelidae) with Gondwanan distribution, and introducing an open interactive identification key of Megalothorax species

FIGURE 6. Megalothorax zealanterolenis sp. nov. (A) Chaetotaxy of trunk tergites from Th. I to Abd. V, (B) Head dorsal side. (C) Mandibula. (D) Antenna.

FIGURE 5 in A new group of species of the genus Megalothorax (Collembola, Neelidae) with Gondwanan distribution, and introducing an open interactive identification key of Megalothorax species

FIGURE 5. Megalothorax tasmanterolenis sp. nov. (A) Chaetotaxy of antenna, arrow indicates a facultative chaeta. (B) Claw I. (C) Claw II. (D) Claw III. (E) Furca posterior side.

FIGURE 9 in A new group of species of the genus Megalothorax (Collembola, Neelidae) with Gondwanan distribution, and introducing an open interactive identification key of Megalothorax species

FIGURE 9. Megalothorax tasmanterolenis sp. nov. (A) Integument with secondary granules and area of enlarged primary hexagons devoid of secondary granules, abdominal region dorsal side. (B) Integument, with area of enlarged primary granules, dorso-anterior part of head. (C) Enlarged and clear S-chaeta Sa2 on Ant. IV, compared with (D) normal, dark S-chaetae (e.g. Sb3, Sb4, Sb5) on Ant. IV. Megalothorax zealanterolenis sp. nov. (E) mucro with focus on the smooth and waved internal posterior lamella.