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FIGURE 1 in A revision of the French Telothelepodidae and Thelepodidae (Annelida Terebelliformia), with descriptions of three species and first European record of a non-indigenous species

FIGURE 1. Schematic distribution of the different Telothelepodidae and Thelepodidae species along the French coasts.

FIGURE 12 in A revision of the French Telothelepodidae and Thelepodidae (Annelida Terebelliformia), with descriptions of three species and first European record of a non-indigenous species

FIGURE 12. Majority-rule consensus tree of Thelepus species sequences obtained in this study and available on GenBank for 16S gene. Asterisk indicates posterior probability> 80%. Sequence accession numbers refer to Table 1, text in red refers to specimens sequenced during this study.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Data for "Source identification of atmospheric organic vapors in two European pine forests: Results from Vocus PTR-TOF observations"

This file consists of the time series of the measured trace gases, meteorological parameters, and the concentrations of isoprene and monoterpenes in the Landes forest and at the SMEAR Ⅱ station, which have been analyzed in the manuscript "Source identification of atmospheric organic vapors in two European pine forests: Results from Vocus PTR-TOF observations". For more details, please contact the author (haiyan.li@helsinki.fi).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Neisseria gonorrhoeae clustering to reveal major European WGS-based genogroups in association with antimicrobial resistance (cgMLST and MScgMLST schemas, allelic profile matrices and GrapeTree input file)

This dataset refers to the gene-by-gene analysis of 3791 Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomes from 21 European countries and includes the used cgMLST and MScgMLST loci schemas prepared for the chewBBACA core suite, as well as the associated allelic profile matrices for all genomes. Additionally a .json file is made available for direct input in the GrapTree vizualization software for data/metadata exploration.  All novel raw sequence reads used in this study were deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) (BioProject PRJEB36482). Additional raw sequence read data used were retrieved from the following ENA BioProjects: PRJEB14933; PRJEB2124; PRJEB23008; PRJEB26560; PRJEB9227; PRJNA275092; PRJNA348107; PRJNA473385; PRJNA315363.

FIGURES 3–4 in Description of the first extinct member of the tribe Anaglyptini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from European Tertiary

FIGURES 3–4. Acanthoglyptus picollus gen. et sp. nov., holotype: 3—habitus, ventrolateral view; 4—body, dorsolateral view. Scale bars represent 2.0 mm.

FIGURES 1–2 in Description of the first extinct member of the tribe Anaglyptini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from European Tertiary

FIGURES 1–2. Acanthoglyptus picollus gen. et sp. nov., holotype: 1—habitus, dorsolateral view; 2—forebody, dorsolateral view. Scale bars represent 2.0 mm.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Sperm quality, aggressiveness and generation turnover can facilitate unidirectional Y chromosome introgression across the European house mouse hybrid zone

The widespread and locally massive introgression of Y chromosomes of the eastern house mouse (Mus musculus musculus) into the range of the western subspecies (M. m. domesticus) in Central Europe calls for an explanation of its underlying mechanisms. Given the paternal inheritance pattern, obvious candidates for traits mediating the introgression are characters associated with sperm quantity and quality. We can also expect traits such as size, aggression, or the length of generation cycles to facilitate the spread. We have created two consomic strains carrying the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome of the opposite subspecies, allowing us to study introgression in both directions, something impossible in nature due to the unidirectionality of introgression. We analysed several traits potentially related to male fitness. Transmission of the domesticus Y onto the musculus background had negative effects on all studied traits. Likewise , domesticus males possessing the musculus Y had, on average, smaller body and testes and lower sperm count than the parental strain. However, the same consomic males tended to produce less dissociated sperm heads, to win more dyadic encounters, and to have shorter generation cycles than pure domesticus males. These data suggest the domesticus Y is disadvantageous on the musculus background while introgression in the opposite direction can confer a recognizable, though not always significant, selective advantage. Our results are thus congruent with the unidirectional musculus→domesticus Y chromosome introgression in Central Europe. In addition to some previous studies, they show this to be a multifaceted phenomenon demanding a multidisciplinary approach.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Lowest drought sensitivity and decreasing growth synchrony towards the dry distribution margin of European beech

Aim: Climate limits the potential distribution ranges of species. Establishment and growth of individuals at range margins is assumed to be more limited by extreme events such as drought or frost events than in the centre of their range. We explore whether the growth of beech is more sensitive to drought towards the dry distribution margin and more sensitive to frost towards the cold distribution margin. Furthermore, we aim to gain insight into the adaptive potential of beech towards both the dry and cold distribution margins. Location: European gradient from the dry (Spain) to the cold (Poland, Sweden) distribution margin of beech. Taxon: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Methods: We applied a range-wide dendroecological study to analyse spatial and temporal trends in climate-growth relationships. We further investigated negative growth anomalies and growth synchrony towards the range margins. Results: We found beech to be drought sensitive across its whole range, except at the dry distribution margin. Further, sensitivity to winter temperature was not found in the centre or at the cold distribution margin, but at the southern distribution margin. Growth synchrony was lower at the dry than at the cold distribution margin. Main conclusions: Beech seems to be adapted to drought at the dry distribution margin with a high adaptive potential indicated by the lowest growth synchrony along the gradient. At the cold distribution margin, cold events in winter and spring were less important for growth than drought. Still, the importance of spring frost for beech growth appears to increase in recent decades. Considering a projected north-eastward shift of the distribution range, beech is likely facing drought stress in combination with spring frost risk at the cold margin which could lead to a hampered range expansion.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Data from: Projected impacts of warming seas on commercially fished species at a biogeographic boundary of the European continental shelf

1. Projecting the future effects of climate change on marine fished populations can help prepare the fishing industry and management systems for resulting ecological, social and economic changes. Generating projections using multiple climate scenarios can provide valuable insights for fisheries stakeholders regarding uncertainty arising from future climate data. 2. Using a range of climate projections based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A1B, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios, we modelled abundance of eight commercially important bottom dwelling fish species across the Celtic Sea, English Channel and southern North Sea through the 21st century. This region spans a faunal boundary between cooler northern waters and warmer southern waters, where mean sea surface temperatures are projected to rise by 2 to 4ºC by 2098. 3. For each species, Generalised Additive Models were trained on spatially explicit abundance data from six surveys between 2001 and 2010. Annual and seasonal temperatures were key drivers of species abundance patterns. Models were used to project species abundance for each decade through to 2090. 4. Projections suggest important future changes in the availability and catchability of fish species, with projected increases in abundance of red mullet (Mullus surmuletus L.), Dover sole (Solea solea L.), John dory (Zeus faber L.) and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt L.) and decreases in abundance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius L.) and megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis L.). European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) appeared less affected by projected temperature changes. Most projected abundance responses were comparable among climate projections, but uncertainty in the rate and magnitude of changes often increased substantially beyond 2040. 5. Synthesis and applications. These results indicate potential risks as well as some opportunities for demersal fisheries under climate change. These changes will challenge current management systems, with implications for decisions on target fishing mortality rates, fishing effort and allowable catches. Increasingly flexible and adaptive approaches that reduce climate impacts on species while also supporting industry adaptation are required.

Data from: Gene flow at the leading range edge - the long-term consequences of isolation in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L. Kuhn)

Aim: Isolation is expected to lead to negative impacts on populations due to a reduction in effective population size and gene flow, exacerbating the effects of genetic drift, which might be stronger in peripheral and fragmented populations. Fagus sylvatica (European beech) in southern Sweden presents a gradient of isolation towards the leading range edge of the species. We sought to determine the impact of long-term isolation on genetic diversity and population genetic structure within populations of this species. Location: Samples were obtained from 14 sites towards the northern edge of the native range of beech in Sweden. Taxon: Fagaceae Methods: Using historical sources, we obtained area- and distance-based measures of isolation. We measured genetic diversity and structure by using nuclear microsatellite marker data, and performed parentage analysis to estimate external pollen-mediated gene flow. We implemented a partial least squares regression to determine the effects of isolation on each of the genetic diversity estimators and the measures of external pollen-mediated gene flow. Results: Long-term isolation generally had a negative impact on genetic diversity, which is exacerbated over time, further affecting progeny and suggesting that isolated populations are subject to strong genetic drift, possibly due to the combination of founder events and persistent small population sizes. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed that isolation was also acting as a barrier to gene flow in the north-eastern distribution of beech. Main conclusions: Isolation at the leading range edge of beech in Sweden has created gradients of contemporary gene flow within the species. The long-term cumulative effects of isolation on this wind-pollinated tree species and its negative impacts on genetic diversity and gene flow, could lead to inbreeding depression and higher extinction risk where populations remain small and isolated.

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis

Over recent decades, ungulate populations across Europe have undergone a rapid recovery. While this constitutes a conservation success, there is increasing concern about their impacts on shared resources with humans. Understanding ungulate food choices is crucial for predicting such impacts. Numerous studies have focused on single species or communities at narrow spatial scales. Here, we used 265 published diets from 87 European studies to investigate patterns of resource use by four common deer species (moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, and fallow deer Dama dama), and wild boar Sus scrofa at the continental scale. On average, deer diets separated mostly along a gradient from grass to browse. Fallow deer diets contained the most and moose diets the least amount of grass, but we also found large intraspecific variation among all deer species. Diets of roe deer, a presumed browser, frequently contained ≥ 25% grass. Wild boar diet contained grass in amounts similar to red deer but otherwise differed strongly from deer diets. All five ungulate species shifted to eating higher proportions of woody browse during winter. Habitat influenced variation in intraspecific diets, but the proportions of key forage types related to feeding type (i.e., grass for intermediate feeders red and fallow deer, and shrubs for the browsers moose and roe deer) remained fairly consisted across habitat types. In northern and central Europe, diet similarity between roe deer and red deer was highest during winter and spring and lowest during summer and autumn but remained constant across the seasons in southern Europe. We foresee that, as interspecific interactions driven by land-use and climatic changes increase across Europe, further monitoring and testing will be needed to understand the dynamics of dietary niche partitioning among ungulates.

Conservation genetics of native and European-introduced Chinese Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis)

The Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) belongs to a relatively early-divergence lineage of Cervidae and is thought to have retained some ancestral features of the group. This species is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (accessed 2020), and populations in its native range have declined drastically in recent years. However, a number of individuals were introduced to the UK about a century ago; these have flourished and now make up over 40% of global numbers. To infer the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of Chinese water deer both in their native China and in populations introduced to the UK and France, mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was investigated (control region and cytochrome B) for near 100 individuals. The distribution of haplotypes among the regions shows distinct geographic structure, and only one cytochrome B haplotype was common to both China and European populations. Our results reveal lower levels of genetic diversity in the British populations, differentiation between native and introduced populations, and that the source population of British deer is likely to be extinct. Some recommendations are made for the conservation of different populations.

Supplementary material 2 from: Krajewski Ł, Adamec L, Saługa M, Bednarek-Ochyra H, Plášek V (2020) Welcome to the Czech Republic again! Rare northern mosses Calliergon megalophyllum and Drepanocladus sordidus (Amblystegiaceae) in South Bohemia in light of their European distribution and habitat preferences. PhytoKeys 154: 111-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.154.51454

A comparison of phytosociological releves from world sites of Calliergon megalophyllum (and Drepanocladus sordidus) from the present and literature data

opennotspecifiedJun 2020View details →

FIGURE 7 in Comparative morphology of myrmecophilous immature stages of European Microdon species (Diptera: Syrphidae): updated identification key and new diagnostic characters

FIGURE 7. Dorsal reticulation of third instar larvae of M. myrmicae (A, B), M. analis (C, D) and M. devius (E, F); left, general view; right, detail of single reticulation processes. A = 400 µm; B = 50 µm; C, E = 500 µm; D = 100 µm; F = 200 µm.

Diversity and conservation of saproxylic beetles in 42 European tree species: an experimental approach using early successional stages of branches

Correction: In the original version of this dataset, the non‐native Prunus serotina was incorrectly interchanged with the native Prunus padus, and eight individuals of saproxylic beetles were incorrectly removed from the data when splitting beetles in saproxylic and non‐saproxylic species. The correct tree species is Prunus serotina, and results refer to a total of 113 species of saproxylic beetles and 30,550 individuals. 1. Tree species diversity is important to maintain saproxylic beetle diversity in managed forests. However, knowledge about the conservational importance of single tree species and implications for forest management and conservation practices are lacking. 2. We exposed freshly cut branch-bundles of 42 tree species, representing tree species native and non-native to Europe, under sun-exposed and shaded conditions for one year. Afterwards, communities of saproxylic beetles were reared ex-situ for two years. We tested for the impact of tree species and sun exposure on alpha-, beta-, and gamma diversity as well as composition of saproxylic beetle communities. 3. Tree species had a lower impact on saproxylic beetle communities compared to sun exposure. The diversity of saproxylic beetles varied strongly among tree species, with highest alpha- and gamma-diversity found in Quercus petraea. Red-listed saproxylic beetle species occurred ubiquitously among tree species. We found distinct differences in the community composition of broadleaved and coniferous tree species, native and non-native tree species as well as sun-exposed and shaded deadwood. 4. Our study enhances the understanding of the importance of previously understudied and non-native tree species for the diversity of saproxylic beetles. To improve conservation practices for saproxylic beetles and especially red-listed species, we suggest a stronger incorporation of tree species diversity and sun exposure into forest management strategies, including the enrichment of deadwood from native tree species and with a specific focus on locally rare or silvicultural less important tree species.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Resistance-recovery tradeoff of soil microbial communities under altered rain regimes: An experimental test across European agroecosystems

<ol> <li>With the increased occurrence of climate extremes, there is an urgent need to better understand how management strategies affect the capacity of the soil microbial community to maintain its ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling).</li> <li>To address this issue, intact monoliths were extracted from conventional and ecological managed grasslands in three countries across Europe and exposed under common air condition (temperature and moisture) to one of three altered rain regimes (dry, wet and intermittent wet/dry) as compared to a normal regime. Subsequently, we compared the resistance and recovery of the soil microbial biomass, potential enzyme activities and community composition.</li> <li>The microbial community composition differed with soil management and rain regimes. Soil microbial biomass increased from the wetter to the dryer rain regime, paralleling an increase of available carbon and nutrients, suggesting low sensitivity to soil moisture reduction but nutritional limitations of soil microbes. Conversely, enzyme activities decreased with all altered rain regimes.</li> <li>Resistance and recovery (considering absolute distance between normal and altered rain regime) of the microbial communities depended on soil management. Conventional-intensive management showed higher resistance of two fundamental properties for nutrient cycling (i.e. bacterial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities) yet associated with more important changes in microbial community composition. This suggests an internal community reorganization promoting biomass and activity resistance. Conversely, under ecological management bacterial biomass and enzyme activities showed better recovery capacity, whereas no or very low recovery of these properties was observed under conventional management. These management effects were consistent across the three altered rain regimes investigated, indicating common factors controlling microbial communities' response to different climate-related stresses.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications: Our study provides experimental evidence for an important trade-off for agro-ecosystem management between i.) stabilizing nutrient cycling potential during an altered rain regime period at the expense of very low recovery capacity and potential long term effect (conventional sites) and ii.) promoting the capacity of the microbial community to recover its functional potential after the end of the stress (ecological sites). Thus management based on ecologically sound principles may be the best option to sustain long-term soil functioning under climate change.</li> </ol>

Trait data of European and Maghreb butterflies

Trait-based analyses explaining the different responses of species and communities to environmental changes are increasing in frequency. European butterflies are an indicator group that responds rapidly to environmental changes with extensive citizen science contributions to documenting changes of abundance and distribution. Species traits have been used to explain long- and short-term responses to climate, land-use and vegetation changes. Studies are often characterised by limited traits sets being used, with risks that the relative roles of different traits are not fully explored. Butterfly trait information is dispersed amongst various sources and descriptions sometimes differ between sources. We have drawn together multiple information sets to provide a comprehensive trait database covering 542 taxa and 25 main traits (subdivided into 217 sub-traits) of the butterflies of Europe and North Africa which should serve for improved trait-based ecological, conservation-related, phylogeographic and evolutionary studies of this group of insects. We provide this data in two forms; the basic data and as processed continuous and multinomial data, to enhance its potential usage. A maintained database is available at <a href="https://butterflytraits.github.io/European-Butterfly-Traits/index.html">https://butterflytraits.github.io/European-Butterfly-Traits/index.html</a>

Supplementary material 3 from: Valuyskikh OE, Teteryuk LV, Pylina YI, Sushentsov OE, Martynenko NA, Shadrin DM (2020) Phylogenetic relationships and status of taxa of Pulsatilla uralensis and P. patens s.str. (Ranunculaceae) in north-eastern European Russia. PhytoKeys 162: 113-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.53361

Likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree (matK) of 13 sequences of P. patens s.str. and 16 sequences of P. uralensis

Supplementary material 4 from: Valuyskikh OE, Teteryuk LV, Pylina YI, Sushentsov OE, Martynenko NA, Shadrin DM (2020) Phylogenetic relationships and status of taxa of Pulsatilla uralensis and P. patens s.str. (Ranunculaceae) in north-eastern European Russia. PhytoKeys 162: 113-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.53361

Phylogenetic tree (ITS2) constructed using the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference of the 13 sequences of P. patens s.str. and 15 sequences of P. uralensis

Early-wilted forest following the Central European 2018 extreme drought

During the summer of 2018, Central Europe experienced the most extreme drought and heat wave on record, leading to widespread early leaf-shedding and die-offs in forest trees. We quantified such early-wilting responses by associating Sentinel-2 time-series statistics of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index with visually classified orthophotos, using a random forest classifier. The predictions of our classifier achieved a high accuracy of 0.90 ±0.014 and estimated the area of affected forest at 21'500 ±2800 km2. Early wilting was especially prevalent in eastern and central Germany and in the Czech Republic and it was related to high temperatures and low precipitation at large-scales, and small to medium-sized trees, steep slopes, and shallow soils at fine-scales. The present dataset includes spatial predictons of 2018 early-wilting presence/absence for entire Central Europe (c. 800'000 km2) at 10×10 m resolution. It may be used for high-resolution studies of early-wilting patterns, to study how factors like physiology or species identity relate to early-wilting patterns, and/or as testbed for alternative approaches quantifying water stress in forests.