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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Supporting figures: Seasonality and trend of the global upper-ocean vertical velocity over 1998–2017

These uploaded figures are results of seasonal variations and trend of the global upper-ocean vertical motions, based on BRAN2020, OFES, OMEGA3D and SODA3.3.1. This is to support our revised manuscript entitled 'Seasonality and trend of the global upper-ocean vertical velocity over 1998–2017', under consideration in Progress in Oceanography.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Distribution. Restricted to the Serengeti— Mara ecosystem in S Kenya and N Tanzania, within which the bulk of the population migrates N and S seasonally. in Bovidae

Distribution. Restricted to the Serengeti— Mara ecosystem in S Kenya and N Tanzania, within which the bulk of the population migrates N and S seasonally.

Data from: Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil

<ol> <li>In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested. </li> <li>We examined (1) tolerance to water stress, measured by pre-dawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (2) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ13C; and (3) access to soil water, measured via stem water δ18O.</li> <li>We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group. </li> <li>Synthesis. Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences. </li> </ol>

Impacts of seasonality on gene expression in the Chinese Horseshoe Bat

Seasonality can cause changes in many environmental factors which potentially affects gene expression. Here, we used a bat species (Rhinolophus sinicus) from eastern China as a model to explore the molecular mechanisms of seasonal effects, in particular during phenological shifts in the spring and autumn. Based on the analysis of 45 RNA-seq samples, we found strong seasonal effects on gene expression, with a large number of genes identified as either specific or biased to each season. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis also identified multiple modules significantly associated with each season. These seasonal genes were further enriched into different functional categories. Consistent with effects of phenological shifts on bats, we found that genes related to promoting food intake were highly expressed in both autumn and spring. In addition, immunity genes were also highly expressed in both seasons although this seasonal immune response had tissue specificity in different seasons. In female bats, genes related to the delay of ovulation (e.g. NPPC, natriuretic peptide precursor type C) were highly expressed in October, while genes associated with the promotion of reproduction (e.g. DIO2, iodothyronine deiodinase 2) were biasedly expressed in April. Lastly, we found multiple known core clock genes in both October-biased and April-biased expressed genes, which may be involved in regulating the start and end of hibernation, respectively. Overall, together with studies in other land and aquatic animals, our work supports that seasonal gene expression variations may be a general evolutionary response to environmental changes in wild animals.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

A benchmark dataset of diurnal- and seasonal-scale radiation, heat and CO2 fluxes in a typical East Asian monsoon region

A benchmark dataset include 30-min meteorology and eddy flux variables at four sites with two typical surface types (i.e., SX-cropland, DT-cropland, XZ-suburb, and DS-suburb) in the Yangtze River Delta of China. SX-cropland: 15 Jul 2015–24 Apr 2019 DT-cropland: 1 Dec 2014–30 Nov 2017 XZ-suburb: 27 Mar 2014–22 Jan 2017 DS-suburb: 16 Apr 2011–1 Jan 2019

Seasonality of host immunity in a tropical disease system

Infectious disease systems frequently exhibit strong seasonal patterns, yet the mechanisms that underpin intra-annual cycles are unclear, particularly in tropical regions. We hypothesized that host immune function fluctuates seasonally, contributing to oscillations in infection patterns in a tropical disease system. To test this hypothesis, we investigated a key host defense of amphibians against a lethal fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We integrated two field experiments in which we perturbed amphibian skin secretions, a critical host immune mechanism, in Panamanian rocket frogs (Colostethus panamansis). We found that this immunosuppressive technique of reducing skin secretions in wild frog populations increased Bd prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that this immune defense contributes to resistance to Bd in wild frog populations. We also found that the chemical composition and anti-Bd effectiveness of frog skin secretions varied across seasons, with greater pathogen inhibition during the dry season relative to the wet season. These results suggest that the effectiveness of this host defense mechanism shifts across seasons, likely contributing to seasonal infection patterns in a lethal disease system. More broadly, our findings indicate that host immune defenses can fluctuate across seasons, even in tropical regions where temperatures are relatively stable, which advances our understanding of intra-annual cycles of infectious disease dynamics.

Differential seasonal avoidance of anthropogenic features and woody vegetation by Lesser Prairie-chickens

The influence of seasonal variation in animal behavior and the corresponding response in habitat selection is a critical component of habitat selection analyses. To examine this relationship, we conducted multi-scale analyses of Lesser Prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic infrastructure associated with oil and gas development, mesquite, and trees during the spring and summer at home range and lek area scales. We tracked 159 Lesser Prairie-chickens using VHF radiotelemetry or PTT-GPS transmitters in the sand shinnery oak prairie region of eastern New Mexico, USA. We used discrete choice models and logistic regression to assess seasonal patterns of habitat selection at home range and lek area scales, respectively. The static habitat features we examined allowed us to observe differential patterns of habitat selection between the two seasons, revealing an overall increase in the degree of avoidance following the spring season. Results of our home range scale analysis indicate that utility pole density, mesquite cover and proximity, distance to active well pads, and proximity to private roads have significant negative effects on habitat selection during both seasons. Avoidance of dense utility pole areas was significantly greater during the summer. Lek area habitat selection results were similar, but differences in sensitivity to features between seasons were stronger. Avoidance of high mesquite cover and utility pole and tree densities, in particular, was significantly greater in the summer. The effects of density and cover of these features, which have previously been understudied or overlooked in Lesser Prairie-chicken research, provide critical information for future conservation practices. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of accounting for potential seasonal patterns of their study species to best examine habitat selection.

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. T. m. manatus Linnaeus, 1758 — Greater Antilles and Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico, Central America, and N South America (S to Alagoas and Sergipe states, Brazil). 1. m. latirostris Harlan, 1824 — SE USA, primarily Florida and Georgia, with seasonal movements to other states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. in Trichechidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T. m. manatus Linnaeus, 1758 — Greater Antilles and Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico, Central America, and N South America (S to Alagoas and Sergipe states, Brazil). 1. m. latirostris Harlan, 1824 — SE USA, primarily Florida and Georgia, with seasonal movements to other states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: Soil CO2 and O2 concentrations illuminate the relative importance of weathering and respiration to seasonal soil gas fluctuations

[No abstract entered]

Figure 2 in Seasonal variation in frog predation by black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Primates)

Figure 2. (a) Leontopithecus chrysopygus preying on an individual of Scinax fuscovarius; (b) partially eaten individual of Boana faber; (c) schematic drawing of L. chrysopygus preying on a frog, made based on field observations and notes. (Illustration: Gustavo Libardi, used with permission).

Figure 4 in Seasonal variation in frog predation by black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Primates)

Figure 4. Monthly variation in frog predation by Leontopithecus chrysopygus and in precipitation, through the studied period (2014–2019). Values for April were not considered (see text for explanation).

Figure 1 in Seasonal variation in frog predation by black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Primates)

Figure 1. Study sites in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Graphs show the rainfall (bars) and mean temperature (lines) obtained from the Brazilian National Institute for Meteorology database (https:// portal.inmet.gov.br/).

Figure 3 in Seasonal variation in frog predation by black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus, Primates)

Figure 3. (a) Plot of principal component analysis (PCA) scores; (b) plot of PCA loadings for PC1 vs PC2. The stars (green) represent the dry season months and the upside-down triangles (red) represent the rainy season months.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

ERA-I version data for the paper "Role of Vertical Mixing in the Upper Ocean in the Seasonal Variation of Arctic Amplification"

All the data, used to draw figures in the manuscript are uploaded. The variables' description have been well defined in the manuscript.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Recent population differentiation in the habitat specialist Glossy Antshrike (Aves: Thamnophilidae) across Amazonian seasonally flooded forests: Complete matrix

We assessed population structure and the spatio-temporal pattern of diversification in the Glossy Antshrike Sakesphorus luctuosus (Aves, Thamnophilidae) to understand the processes shaping the evolutionary history of Amazonian floodplains and address unresolved taxonomic controversies surrounding its species limits. By targeting ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 32 specimens of S. luctuosus, we identified independent lineages and estimated their differentiation, divergence times and migration rates. We also estimated current and past demographic histories for each recovered lineage. We found evidence confirming that S. luctuosus consists of a single species, comprising at least four populations, with some highly admixed individuals and overall similar levels of migration between populations. We confirmed the differentiation of the Araguaia River basin population (S. l. araguayae), and gathered circumstantial evidence indicating that the taxon S. hagmanni may represent a highly introgressed population between 3 distinct phylogroups of S. luctuosus. Divergence time estimates between populations seem to be recent, occurring during the last 183 kya. Signs of population expansions were detected for populations attributed to subspecies S. l. luctuosus, but the S. l. araguayae population had probably maintained its effective size through time. Our results support that S. luctuosus has had a complex population history, resulting from a high dependence on southeastern "clear-water" habitats and their availability through time. Spatial and demographic expansions towards the western "white water" flooded forests might still be ongoing. Our study reinforces the view that isolation due to absence of suitable habitat has been an important driver of population differentiation within Amazonian flooded forests, but also that differences between várzeas ("white water" floodplains, mostly in southwestern Amazonia) and igapós ("clear- water" floodplains, especially located in the east) should be further explored as powerful drivers of micro-evolution.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Raw data of experiments on the seasonal incidence of brinjal shoot and fruit borer

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Data to plot figures in Flux Adjustment on Seasonal-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Drift written by the Authors

These are data for plotting the figures shown in Flux Adjustment on Seasonal-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Drift written by Ryusuke Masunaga et al. The directory names correspond to the figure numbers in the paper. Please contact the Authors if you have any questions. In the grd files, data are stored as single precision float.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Environmental and bacterial parameters in Luhuitou fringing reef over a seasonal cycle

In coral reefs, heterotrophic bacteria play an imperative role in driving material cycle and energy flow and sustaining coral health.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Seasonal species richness of birds on the world's islands and its geographical correlates

Migratory birds occur on islands during different seasons of the year, which results in seasonal variation in species richness. These patterns and their geographical correlates have not been examined. We used 20 years of bird observations on 690 islands to examine how seasonal species richness estimates vary as a function of island area, isolation, and latitude. Species richness was highest on islands within the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during migration and on islands within tropical latitudes during the non-breeding season. Area defined positive, non-linear relationships with species richness across seasons, with the steepest slopes occurring with islands >1,100 km2. Distance to mainland defined negative, non-linear relationships with species richness across seasons, with the strongest slopes occurring with islands located >150 km from the mainland. Species-area relationships were weakest for the most remote islands and strongest for islands at intermediate distances to the mainland. Intermediate proximity to other islands was a poor predictor of species richness. Our findings emphasize the presence of seasonally dynamic relationships, the enhanced role of evolutionary processes on larger islands, the unique ecology of the world's most remote islands, and the importance of islands as stopover sites and wintering grounds for migratory bird species.