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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

Figure 3 in Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Figure 3. Dorsal pigment pattern diagrams of three individuals (a, b and c) from a single population of Mexorchestia carpenteri carpenteri from Stovell's Bay sampled on 5 or 9 April, 2014.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

Figure 1 in Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Figure 1. Map of the North Atlantic. (a) Winds in July. (b) Surface currents. Based on data in Anon (1979).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →

Figure 6 in Diversity and dispersal history of the talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) of Bermuda

Figure 6. Haplotype network of partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences. (a) Platorchestia monodi BIN BOLD:AAB3402. (b) Platorchestia platensis BOLD:AAA2949. (c) Mexorchestia carpenteri carpenteri BOLD:AAC1491. Median-joining haplotype networks were created in PopART. All mutational steps are equal to 1 and are represented with a black dot. The presumptive ancestral haplotype is marked with an asterisk. The size of the circles varies according to the number of sequences belonging to each haplotype.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

The limited spatial scale of dispersal in soil arthropods revealed with whole-community haplotype-level metabarcoding

Soil mesofauna communities are hyperdiverse and critical for ecosystem functioning. However, our knowledge on spatial structure and underlying processes of community assembly for soil arthropods is scarce, hampered by limited empirical data on species diversity and turnover. We implement a high-throughput-sequencing approach to generate comparative data for thousands of arthropods at three hierarchical levels: genetic, species and supra-specific lineages. A joint analysis of the spatial arrangement across these levels can reveal the predominant processes driving the variation in biological assemblages at the local scale. This multi-hierarchical approach was performed using haplotype-level-COI metabarcoding of entire communities of mites, springtails and beetles from three Iberian mountain regions. Tens of thousands of specimens were extracted from deep and superficial soil layers and produced comparative phylogeographic data for >1000 co-distributed species and nearly 3000 haplotypes. Local assemblages were highly distinctive between grasslands and forests, and within each of them showed strong spatial structures and high endemicity at the scale of a few kilometres or less. The local distance-decay patterns were self-similar for the haplotypes and higher hierarchical entities, and this fractal structure was very similar in all three regions, pointing to a significant role of dispersal limitation driving the local-scale community assembly. Our results from whole-community metabarcoding provide insight into how dispersal limitations constrain mesofauna community structure within local spatial settings over evolutionary timescales. If generalized across wider areas, the high turnover and endemicity in the soil locally may indicate extremely high richness globally, challenging our current estimations of total arthropod-diversity on Earth.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Figure 4. Energy-dispersive X in Ephippia of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Oligocene Tremembé palaeolake, Brazil

Figure 4. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis carried out in three regions of the ephippium ULVG 11533.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Movie of the 2019 Raikoke volcanic eruption: Sulfur dioxide and sulfate dispersion as simulated by NAME

Included are 4 movies showing the Vertical Column Density (VCD) evolution for the 2019 Raikoke volcanic cloud between 21-06-2019 and 16-07-2019 as simulated by the Met Office’s Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) (all showing VCD values in DU): <ol> <li>StratProfile_SO2.mov: The dispersion of sulfur dioxide based on the StratProfile vertical emission profile.</li> <li>StratProfile_SO4.mov: The dispersion of sulfate based on the StratProfile vertical emission profile.</li> <li>VolRes15_SO2.mov: The dispersion of sulfur dioxide based on the VolRes1.5 vertical emission profile.</li> <li>VolRes15_SO4.mov: The dispersion of sulfate based on the VolRes1.5 vertical emission profile.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Negative correlation between dispersal investment and canopy openness among populations of the ant-dispersed sedge, Carex lanceolata

Flowering plants exhibit a wide variation in the resources they invest in dispersal structures (dispersal effort), but the environmental correlates remain unclear in many plants. Canopy openness is predicted to be negatively correlated with dispersal effort, because selective pressures on increased dispersal effort, including host-specific natural enemies and the paucity and/or ephemerality of safe sites, will be more prevalent in shady sites. Here, we tested this prediction using an ant-dispersed sedge, Carex lanceolata (Cyperaceae). By comparing seven populations of C. lanceolata in central Japan, we found a negative correlation between dispersal effort and canopy openness, thus supporting the prediction. A subsequent cafeteria experiment showed that a large species of ant (Formica japonica) with relatively long seed-dispersal distances tended to prefer diaspores with greater dispersal efforts, while smaller ant species with shorter dispersal distances preferred diaspores with lower dispersal efforts. These results correspond with the assumption that greater dispersal efforts result in a greater dispersal ability and indicate that among-site variations in dispersal efforts actually reflect differentiation in seed dispersal strategy rather than a neutral variation. There were more signs of rust infection caused by Puccinia spp., one of the main natural enemies of C. lanceolata, on adult plant leaves in more shady sites. A seedling transplant experiment was also performed and revealed that rust severity in sedge offspring was considerably reduced by the typical seed dispersal distance (ca. 4 m) afforded by the large ant species, F. japonica. The increased rust severity at shady sites, combined with the narrow dispersal ranges of rusts, can partially explain the negative correlation of dispersal effort with canopy openness. These results support the importance of canopy openness as a factor underlying the variations in dispersal effort seen among flowering plants.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Dispersal barriers and opportunities drive multiple levels of phylogeographic concordance in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

Phylogeographic concordance, or the sharing of phylogeographic patterns among co-distributed species, suggests similar responses to topography or climatic history. While the orientation and timing of breaks between lineages are routinely compared, spatial dynamics within regions occupied by individual lineages provide a second opportunity for comparing responses to past events. In environments with complex topography and glacial history, such as New Zealand's South Island, geographically nested comparisons can identify the processes leading to phylogeographic concordance between and within regional genomic clusters. Here, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (obtained via ddRADseq) for two co-distributed forest beetle species, Agyrtodes labralis (Leiodidae) and Brachynopus scutellaris (Staphylinidae), to evaluate <a name="_Hlk34399639">the role of climate change and topography in shaping phylogeographic concordance at two, nested spatial scales: do species diverge over the same geographic barriers, with similar divergence times? And within regions delimited by these breaks</a>, do species share similar spatial dynamics of directional expansion or isolation-by-distance? We found greater congruence of phylogeographic breaks between regions divided by the strongest dispersal barriers (i.e., the Southern Alps). However, these shared breaks were not indicative of shared spatial dynamics within the regions they delimit, and the most similar spatial dynamics between species occurred within regions with the strongest gradients in historical climatic stability. Our results indicate that lack of concordance as traditionally detected by lineage turnover does not rule out the possibility of shared histories, and variation in the presence and type of concordance may provide insights into the different processes shaping phylogeographic patterns across geologically dynamic regions.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Dispersal of Drosophila melanogaster over landscapes with different food patch structures

Theoretical and empirical studies often show that within populations, individuals vary in their propensity to disperse. We aspired to understand how this behavioural variation is impacted by the distribution and pattern of food patches across a landscape. In a series of experiments, we examined how inter-patch distance and the distribution of food patches influenced dispersal in wild-type strains of Drosophila melanogaster with natural allelic variants of the foraging (for) gene known to influence dispersal in this species. The "rover" strain was homozygous for the forR allele (more dispersive) whereas the "sitter" strain was homozygous for fors (less dispersive). We also assessed an outbred population of flies with an unknown dispersal propensity. Dispersal was assayed in a multi-patch lab arena (25 cells, 5 x 5 array). In the inter-patch distance trials, landscapes of two different sizes (small vs. large) were used, both with food in all 25 cells. Dispersal was reduced in the large landscape relative to the small landscape for all three fly strains. Sitter dispersal was lowest relative to both rovers and the outbred flies, whose dispersal tendencies were similar. In the patch distribution trials, flies were assayed in landscapes with varying distribution and number of cells containing food. Dispersal generally increased as the number of patches with food increased, however, rovers and sitters adopted similar dispersal strategies when food was fixed and limited. Conversely, their strategies differed when the total amount of food increased along with the number of patches. We found that both the inter-patch distance and distribution can influence dispersal. However, the effect of inter-patch distance and distribution on dispersal depends on genotype x environment interaction (G x E). Our findings highlight the importance of considering G x E when assessing how dispersal strategies and landscape dynamics influence the distribution of animal communities.

Data from: Phylogeographic estimation and simulation of global diffusive dispersal

The analysis of time-resolved phylogenies (timetrees) and geographic location data allows estimation of dispersal rates, for example for invasive species and infectious diseases. Many estimation methods are based on the Brownian Motion model for diffusive dispersal on a 2-dimensional plane, however the accuracy of these methods deteriorates substantially when dispersal occurs at global scales because Spherical Brownian Motion (SBM) differs from planar Brownian Motion. No statistical method exists for estimating SBM diffusion coefficients from a given timetree and tip coordinates, and no method exists for simulating SBM along a given timetree. Here I present new methods for simulating SBM along a given timetree, and for estimating SBM diffusivity from a given timetree and tip coordinates using a modification of Felsenstein's independent contrasts and maximum-likelihood. My simulation and fitting methods can accommodate arbitrary time-dependent diffusivities and scale efficiently to trees with millions of tips, thus enabling new analyses even in cases where planar BM would be a sufficient approximation. I demonstrate these methods using a timetree of marine and terrestrial Cyanobacterial genomes, as well as timetrees of two globally circulating Influenza B clades. My methods are implemented in the R package "castor."

Data from: Putative chromosomal rearrangements are associated primarily with ecotype divergence rather than geographic separation in an intertidal, poorly-dispersing snail

Littorina saxatilis is becoming a model system for understanding the genomic basis of ecological speciation. The parallel formation of crab-adapted ecotypes that exhibit partial reproductive isolation from wave-adapted ecotypes has enabled genomic investigation of conspicuous shell traits. Recent genomic studies suggest that chromosomal rearrangements may enable ecotype divergence by reducing gene flow. However, the genomic architecture of traits that are divergent between ecotypes remains poorly understood. Here, we use 11,504 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers called using the recently-released L. saxatilis genome to genotype 462 crab ecotype, wave ecotype, and phenotypically-intermediate L. saxatilis individuals with scored phenotypes. We used redundancy analysis to study the genetic architecture of loci associated with shell shape, shape corrected for size, shell size, and shell ornamentation, and to compare levels of co-association among different traits. We discovered 341 SNPs associated with shell traits. Loci associated with trait divergence between ecotypes were often located inside putative chromosomal rearrangements recently characterized in Swedish L. saxatilis. In contrast, we found that shell shape corrected for size varied primarily by site rather than by ecotype and showed little association with these putative rearrangements. Together, these results reveal that genomic regions of elevated divergence with putative rearrangements are associated with divergence along steep environmental axes in L. saxatilis ecotypes, consistent with models of adaptation with gene flow, but these regions are distinct from genomic architecture associated with site-specific variation. Our findings here further support predictions from models indicating the importance of genomic regions of reduced recombination allowing co-association of loci during ecological speciation with ongoing gene flow.

Data for: Parasitism risk and infection alter host dispersal

Dispersal determines the spatial dynamics of host-parasite assemblages, particularly during invasions and disease epidemics. The risk of parasitism may create an incentive for dispersal, but infection is expected to reduce dispersal ability, which may alter the host's dispersal response to biotic stressors including population density. We measured the dispersal of the semi-aquatic insect, Notonecta undulata, in aquatic mesocosms in which we manipulated the presence of ectoparasitic Hydrachnidia mites and of infected conspecifics. We found that parasitism risk increases host dispersal propensity. Using a flight assay, we determined that parasite infection reduces host dispersal ability. Finally, we used a mark-release-recapture study to investigate the joint effects of both parasitism risk and parasite infection on host dispersal in a natural, spatially structured population. We found that parasitism risk reduced dispersal probability, eliminated positive density-dependent dispersal, and increased dispersal distance. Infection had no effect on dispersal in the natural population. Our results show that parasites can both increase and decrease the movement rates of their hosts, depending on the ecological context, and can alter the host's dispersal response to other biotic stressors. Future studies should consider the consequences of this double-headed impact of parasites for landscape connectivity, population persistence, and host-parasite coevolution.

Social status, forest disturbance, and Barred Owls shape long-term trends in breeding dispersal distance of Northern Spotted Owls

Dispersal among breeding sites in territorial animals (i.e. breeding dispersal) is driven by numerous selection pressures, including competition and spatiotemporal variation in habitat quality. The scale and trend of dispersal movements over time may signal changing conditions within the population or on the landscape. We examined 2,158 breeding dispersal events from 694 male and 608 female individually-marked Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) monitored over 28 years on seven study areas to assess the relative importance of individual (sex, experience), reproductive (annual productivity, mate availability), and environmental (forest alteration, presence of competitor) sources of variation in breeding dispersal distance. Median breeding dispersal distance was 3.17 km, with 99% of all breeding dispersal events less than 37 km. Mean annual dispersal distances increased by 2.43 km in Oregon and 9.40 km in Washington between 1990 and 2017, which coincided with increases in annual detections of non-native Barred Owl (S. varia). Frequency of breeding dispersal events, both among and within individuals, also increased over time. Female owls moved farther than males (median of 3.26 km and 3.10 km respectively), and birds with less experience (territory tenure) moved farther than those with more experience. Owls that were single in the year prior to dispersal moved 13–31% farther than those paired prior to dispersal. The greatest environmental change occurring over the course of our study was the expansion of Barred Owl populations. Breeding dispersal distance was positively related to Barred Owls in the study area and disturbance within the originating territory. While it appears that social factors continue to be important drivers of breeding dispersal distance in Spotted Owls, increased competition from Barred Owls and habitat alteration have a contributing effect. Increased breeding dispersal distances should be of concern for conservation efforts and considered in population monitoring because changing dispersal behavior may lead to higher rates of mortality and/or emigration from historic study areas.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Temperature-driven colour lightness and body size variation scale to local assemblages of European Odonata but are modified by propensity for dispersal

1. Previous macrophysiological studies suggested that temperature-driven colour lightness and body size variations strongly influence biogeographical patterns in ectotherms. However, these trait-environment relationships scale to local assemblages and the extent to which they can be modified by dispersal remains largely unexplored. We test whether the predictions of the thermal melanism hypothesis and the Bergmann's rule hold for local assemblages. We also assess whether these trait-environment relationships are more important for species adapted to less stable (lentic) habitats, due to their greater dispersal propensity compared to those adapted to stable (lotic) habitats. 2. We quantified the colour lightness and body volume of 99 European dragon- and damselflies (Odonata) and combined these trait information with survey data for 518 local assemblages across Europe. Based on this continent-wide yet spatially explicit dataset, we tested for effects temperature and precipitation on the colour lightness and body volume of local assemblages and assessed differences in their relative importance and strength between lentic and lotic assemblages, while accounting for spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation. 3. The colour lightness of assemblages of odonates increased and body size decreased with increasing temperature. Trait-environment relationships in the average and phylogenetic predicted component were equally important for assemblages of both habitat types but were stronger in lentic assemblages when accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation. 4. Our results show that the mechanism underlying colour lightness and body size variations scale to local assemblages, indicating their general importance. These mechanisms were of equal evolutionary significance for lentic and lotic species, but higher dispersal ability seems to enable lentic species to cope better with historical climatic changes. The documented differences between lentic and lotic assemblages also highlight the importance of integrating interactions of thermal adaptations with proxies of the dispersal ability of species into trait-based models, for improving our understanding of climate-driven biological responses.

Figure 6 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 6 Effect of the extraction method on the extraction of reducing compounds from Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.

Figure 2 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 2 Influence of the extractant nature on the extraction of reducing compounds from Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.

Figure 1 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 1 Influence of extractant nature on the extraction of flavonoids from Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.

Figure 5 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 5 Effect of the extraction method on the extraction of flavonoids from Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.

Figure 4 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 4 Influence of the ratio of raw materials to extractant on the extraction of reducing compounds from the Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.

Figure 3 from: Budniak L, Vasenda M, Marchyshyn S, Kurylo K (2020) Determination of the optimum extraction regime of reducing compounds and flavonoids of Primula denticulata Smith leaves by a dispersion analysis. Pharmacia 67(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e54170

Figure 3 Influence of the ratio of the raw materials to extractant on the flavonoids extraction from the Рrimula denticulata Smith leaves.