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Fig. 5 in Oligocene plant assemblage from Rębiszów, Lower Silesia: First "volcanic flora" from Poland

Fig. 5. Angiosperms impressions from Łysa Góra near Rębiszów, Poland, late Oligocene. A. Carpinus sp. vel Ostrya sp., KRAM-P 128/546, leaf. B. Paliurus favonii Unger, 1847, KRAM-P 128/165, fruit. C, D, F. Majanthemophyllum basinerve (Rossmässler, 1840) Knobloch and Kvaček, 1996, leaves. C. KRAM-P 128/571. D. KRAM-P 128/289. F. KRAM-P 128/212. E. Vitis sp. or Ampelopsis sp., KRAM-P 128/205, leaf. G. Ampelopsis cf. rotundata Chandler, 1925, KRAM-P 128/109, seed. Scale bars: A, C–F, 10 mm; B, G, 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Oligocene plant assemblage from Rębiszów, Lower Silesia: First "volcanic flora" from Poland

Fig. 3. Angiosperms impressions from Łysa Góra near Rębiszów, Poland, late Oligocene. A. Alnus julianiformis (Sternberg, 1823) Kvaček and Holy, 1974, KRAM-P 128/347, leaf. B. Ulmus fischeri Heer, 1856, KRAM-P 128/149, leaf. C. Liriodendron haueri Ettingshausen, 1869, KRAM-P 128/318, fruit. D. Acer cf. hercynicum Mai, 1978, KRAM-P 128/118, fruit. E. Craigia bronnii (Unger, 1845) Kvaček, Bůžek, and Manchester, 1991, KRAM-P 128/203, fruit. F. Alnus kefersteinii (Goeppert, 1838) Unger, 1845, KRAM-P 128/44, infructescence. Scale bars: A, B, F, 10 mm; C, D, 5 mm; E, 2 mm.

Fig. 7 in Oligocene plant assemblage from Rębiszów, Lower Silesia: First "volcanic flora" from Poland

Fig. 7. Angiosperms impressions from Łysa Góra near Rębiszów, Poland, late Oligocene. A, E. cf. Cedrela macrophylla Andreánszky, 1955, leaves. A. KRAM-P 128/570. E. KRAM-P 128/516. B. Alnus cf. gaudinii (Heer, 1856) Knobloch and Kvaček, 1976, KRAM-P 128/390, leaf. C. cf. Acer tricuspidatum Bronn, 1838, KRAM-P 128/388, leaf. D. Prunus cf. scharfii Gregor, 1978, KRAM-P 128/352, endocarp. Scale bars: A–C, E, 10 mm; D, 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Oligocene plant assemblage from Rębiszów, Lower Silesia: First "volcanic flora" from Poland

Fig. 4. Angiosperms impressions from Łysa Góra near Rębiszów, Poland, late Oligocene. A. cf. Laurophyllum acutimontanum Mai, 1963, leaf, KRAM-P 128/436. B–D. Daphnogene cinnamomifolia (Brongniart, 1822) Unger, 1850 forma lanceolata sensu Kvaček and Walther (1995), leaves. B. KRAM-P 128/131. C. KRAM-P 128/397. D. KRAM-P 128/298. E. Daphnogene cinnamomifolia (Brongniart, 1822) Unger, 1850 forma cinnamomifolia sensu Kvaček and Walther (1995), KRAM-P 128/256, leaf. F. Acer cf. polymorphoides Mai, 1987, KRAM-P 128/415, fruit. G. Mahonia sp., KRAM-P 128/35, leaf. H. Tsuga cf. moenana Kirchheimer, 1935, KRAM-P 128/75, cone. I. Ostrya atlantidis Unger, 1850, KRAM-P 128/318, fruit. J. cf. Leguminosites sp. or cf. Rhodomyrtophyllum sp., KRAM-P 128/88, leaf. K. Mahonia sp., KRAM-P 128/291, leaf. Scale bars: A–E, 10 mm; H, G, 5 mm; K, 3 mm; F, H, J, 2.5 mm; I, 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Oligocene plant assemblage from Rębiszów, Lower Silesia: First "volcanic flora" from Poland

Fig. 2. Conifers impressions from Łysa Góra near Rębiszów, Poland, late Oligocene. A. Calocedrus suleticensis (Brabenec, 1909) Kvaček, 1999, KRAM-P 128/38, twig. B. cf. Tsuga sp., KRAM-P 128/50, twigs. C. Cunninghamia cf. miocenica Ettingshausen, 1872, KRAM-P 128/251, cone scale. D. Cryptomeria cf. rhenana Kilpper, 1968, KRAM-P 128/1; twigs (D1), cone (D2). Scale bars: A, B, D1, 10 mm; C, D2, 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 1. Map of Victoria, Australia, showing the fossil locations within the Melbourne Zone. Location 1. Yea, Ghin Ghin Road, Limestone Road (37° 12.38' S, 145° 25.39' E). Location 2. Matlock, Frenchmans Spur (37° 25.82' S, 146° 77.24' E.), the type location of Salopella australis and S. caespitosa (Tims and Chambers, 1984). Source: adapted from Moore et al. (1998: fig. 2).

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a constriction just above dark sporogeneous region. All from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, erect parent axes parallel to each other, dichotomising into two elongate sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. Re-photographed here; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, fig. 4) and Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.9). Specimen NMV P50014. B, forked dichotomy terminated by sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. And to the right hand side of the forked axis is another long axis, which based on its orientation may also be part of the same plant. Constriction at arrow, lower arrow at dichotomy and double arrow at two aligned axes. Specimen NMV P33219. C, close-up of fructification in A, sporangia barely extend beyond the confines of their subtending axes, with slight constriction present above sporogeneous region (at arrow). Specimen NMV P50014. D, E, holotype, part and counterpart. On part, constriction at arrow in sporangium. On counterpart, both parent axes are parallel to each other (at dotted arrow). Re-photographed here, originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). Specimens NMV P50008.1 and NMV P50008.2, respectively. F, Gen. et sp. indet. – short daughter axes terminated in elongate sporangia. The cortex may be absent from subtending axes, with only the central line visible. The lack of cortex prevents assigning to S. australis as width of subtending axis to sporangial width is required. Originally photographed by Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.13). Specimen NMV P50010.2. G, S. australis, with two short daughter axes, with constriction at arrow of the sporangium, which is the same width as its subtending axis. Specimen NMV P202886.

Figure 6 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 6. Line-drawings of Victorian early land plants with longer than wider sporangia. A, Salopella australis from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P50014.B, Gen. et sp. indet. from Limestone Road, Yea. Originally placed in S. australis but branching architecture clearly differs. Specimen NMV P157323. C, Salopella laidae sp. nov. from Limestone Road, Yea. NMV P50011. D, Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, near Matlock. Specimen NMV P202987. E, Salopella caespitosa from Ghin Ghin Road, Yea. Specimen NMV P235941.

Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 4. Salopella caespitosa NMV P235941 from Devil's Elbow on Ghin Ghin Road, northwest of Yea. A, overview of whole specimen. NMV P235941.1. B, arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval presumed sporogenous body of sporangium four, and the subtending axis to sporangium four pinches slightly about 1 mm below the sporangium. Lower arrow at region where subtending axis is continuous with sporangial wall and upper arrow shows extent of sporangial body of sporangium three. Note, for both sporangia, the distal parts appear to be hidden in the matrix. NMV P235941.2. C, lower arrow (Vt) at vascular trace entering base of oval sporogenous body, with upper arrow at distal extent of sporogenous body on sporangium two on the counterpart. Note, no longitudinally oblique striations are evident in upper half of sporangium but are evident on the part specimen. NMV P235941.2. D, sporangium two at arrow longitudinal oblique striations on the upper half of the sporangium. NMV P235941.1. E, close-up of parent axis with longitudinal striations. NMV P235941.1.

Figure 3 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 3. Salopella caespitosa (holotype) from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, B, part (NMV P202987.1) and counterpart (NMV P202987.2), respectively; numbering follows Tims and Chambers (1984, pl. 33, fig. 1). Counterpart images are reversed to be in the same orientation as the part specimen. A, on right-hand side of part specimen, double isotomous dichotomies lead to sporangia one–seven. Note, at the arrows, there is perpendicular branching that is suggestive of a rhizomatous system. C, sporangium 12; at the arrow there is another axis that is terminated in a sporangium that is partially visible. Specimen NMV P202987.1. D–F, Evidence of a slight constriction beneath sporangia at arrows. D, sporangia eight and nine (on the left). Widest part of each sporangium occurring approximately midway along their length. Note, rephotographed; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 34, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.1. E, sporangium 22 is c. 4.06 mm long and 1.4 mm wide. The axis decreases from 1.2 mm proximally to 0.5 mm just beneath the sporangium. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. F, sporangia four (right) and five, both sporangia are slightly wider in the lower quarter of each sporangia. Specimen = NMV P202987.2. G, sporangium 22, appears to be two immature sporangia juxtaposed. At arrow, the apex (rounded) of the smaller fusiform sporangium is apparent. Specimen NMV P202987.1. H, sporangium two, lower arrow at walls surrounding presumed oval sporogeneous area, which reaches approximately halfway the length of the sporangium to the upper arrow. Specimen NMV P202987.1. I, sporangium 13, arrows at walls surrounding sporangeneous area and upper arrow showing extent of oval sporogenous body. The walls does not recombine apically like in sporangium two, suggesting it may have been crushed, or hidden, beneath the matrix. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 33, fig. 3). Specimen NMV P202987.2.

Figure 5 in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 5. Salopella laidae sp. nov. (holotype) NMV P50011.1 and NMV P50011.2, part and counterpart, respectively, with counterpart reversed to be in the same orientation as part specimen. From location 4 (Brackley's cutting) on Limestone Road, Yea. A, double isotomous dichotomy visible, terminated with eight elongate sporangia, five visible. At lower arrow central line and at F, folding of tissue. On sporangium seven?sporogenous region highlighted. Rephotographed; originally figured by Tims and Chambers, 1984: pl. 32, fig. 3 and text-fig. 2C. B, arrow at daughter axis missing on part present.

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Figure 4 in Within-plant distribution and rapid assessment of sugarcane rust mite population on sugarcane canopy

Figure 4 Relationship between sugarcane rust mite density and counting speed of the imprinting technique.

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Figure 3 in Within-plant distribution and rapid assessment of sugarcane rust mite population on sugarcane canopy

Figure 3 Within-plant distribution of sugarcane rust mite population based on the imprinting tech- nique (mean ± SEM). The numbers within brackets are the proportions of mite populations within plants. Means across leaves with the same capital letters are not significantly different and means with the same lower letters on a given leaf position are not significantly different (Tukey,P <0.05).

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Figure 5 in Within-plant distribution and rapid assessment of sugarcane rust mite population on sugarcane canopy

Figure 5 Physiological parameters of sugarcane canopy (mean±SEM).A=photosynthetic rate, gsw =stomatal conductance,Ci =intercellular CO2, E=transpiration, WUE=water use efficiency.

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Figure 1 in Crop physiological considerations for combining variable-density planting to optimize seed costs and weed suppression

Figure 1. Schematic representation of (A) an aerial image using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to scout fields in year 1, (B) detection of areas of high (orange) and low (yellow) weed density in year 1, and (C) implementation of year 1 weed maps to calibrate precision planter to plant in high (red) and low (green) crop densities in year 2.

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Figure 2 in Crop physiological considerations for combining variable-density planting to optimize seed costs and weed suppression

Figure 2. Schematic diagram representing the workflow process of the area planting optimization model. The graph on the bottom left corresponds to low-density planting yields of maize (red circles, solid line, y = 288.5 − 2.07x), cotton (gray triangles, dashed line, y = 176 − 1.58x), and soybean (blue squares, dotted line, y = 86.5 − 0.70x) in g seed−1.

Figure 3 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 3. Dynamics of the soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore density within Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons.

Figure 6 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 6. Conceptual framework demonstrating possible mechanisms of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the spreading process of Desmodium triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate different spreading stages of the invasive plant D. triflorum. Corresponding mycorrhizal structures were shown as the four microscopic views. Light-green and medium-yellow circles indicate AM fungal spores predominantly produced by the root mycorrhizal structures of Z. tenuifolia and D. triflorum, respectively. Medium-green and dark-yellow lines indicate the life cycle of spores in Z. tenuifolia plants and in D. triflorum plants, respectively. The AM fungi might influence the spread of D. triflorum by the following steps: (1) the early stage of the lawn's development with only Z. tenuifolia growing but without D. triflorum present. This occurs at the very beginning of the lawn establishment, and the AM fungal spores that previously existed in the lawn soil first infected the fine roots of Z. tenuifolia and completed the life cycle on their own. (2) The early spreading stage of D. triflorum (level 1). The roots of the two plants come into contact with each other, inducing the external hyphae that originally grow closely on the Z. tenuifolia roots to infect the roots of D. triflorum. The difference between the mycorrhizal infections of the two host plants contributes to higher root mycorrhizal colonizations of D. triflorum compared with Z.tenuifolia. However, at this stage,D. triflorum is not as competitive as Z. tenuifolia in the lawn, although it has advantages in terms of mycorrhizal infections. Therefore, the soil AM fungal spores are still predominantly produced by the mycorrhizal structures of the AMF-infected Z. tenuifolia roots. (3) The intermediate spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 2 and 3). Desmodium triflorum continues to spread in the lawn. The contact of the two plants becomes more frequent and further induces a much closer relationship between the AM infections of the two plants. The increased D. triflorum plants in the lawn and the advantage of D. triflorum in root mycorrhizal infections facilitate the contribution of the mycorrhizal structures of the D. triflorum roots to sporulation. Thus, in this stage, the soil AM fungal spores were produced by the mycorrhizal structures of both plants, thereby inducing insignificant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of either Z. tenuifolia or D. triflorum. (4) The late spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 4 and 5). Desmodium triflorum is dominant in the lawn.The large numbers of D. triflorum plants and the AM infection advantage of D. triflorum facilitate AMF sporulation in the soil, thereby inducing significant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of D. triflorum. At the different spreading stages of D. triflorum, the soil AM fungal communities also change as a result of the changed contributions of the AMF-infected host plants to the sporulation.

Figure 5 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 5. The relative abundance and community composition at the family (A) and species levels (B) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils of different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels.

Figure 2 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn

Figure 2. Dynamics of the total, hyphal, and vesicular colonizations of Zoysia tenuifolia and Desmodium triflorum among different D. triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season," "Coverage," and "Species" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels and between the two plants, respectively.