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FIGURE 6 in Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Mexico: new species, new records and an identification key

FIGURE 6. Eoneria ramirezi sp. nov.: male lateral (A) and dorsal (B), female lateral (C) and dorsal (D). Scale bar= 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Mexico: new species, new records and an identification key

FIGURE 4. Cerantichir mexicana sp. nov.: male lateral head (A), male antenna (B), male dorsal head (C), male terminalia dorsal (D) and lateral (E), ovipositor dorsal (F) and lateral (G). Scale bar= 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Mexico: new species, new records and an identification key

FIGURE 5. Habitus in lateral view. Glyphidops flavifrons (Bigot, 1886), male (A) and female (B); Nerius plurivittatus Bigot, 1886, male (C) and female (D); and Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett, 1904), male (E) and female (F). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Cerantichir enderleini Hennig, 1937 in Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Mexico: new species, new records and an identification key

FIGURE 1. Cerantichir enderleini Hennig, 1937, male, dorsal view (A); Eoneria blanchardi Aczél, 1951, female, dorsal view (B); Glyphidops durus (Cresson, 1926), female, dorsal view (C), and male, abdomen (D); Glyphidops filosus (Fabricius 1805), male, head (E); Glyphidops flavifrons (Bigot, 1886), female, abdomen (F), and male, dorsal (G); Nerius plurivittatus Bigot, 1886, male, dorsal (H); Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett, 1904), male, lateral (I). Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Neriidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from Mexico: new species, new records and an identification key

FIGURE 2. Habitus in lateral view. Cerantichir enderleini Hennig, 1937, male (A) and female (B); Eoneria blanchardi Aczél, 1951, female (C); Glyphidops durus (Cresson, 1926), male (D) and female (E); Glyphidops filosus (Fabricius 1805), male (F) and female (G). Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 1. VIE tag orientation used on three aquatic salamanders (Eurycea spp.) was either vertical or horizontal. Tags were read left to right (tail to head) for vertical orientation and top to bottom (dorsal to ventral) for horizontal orientation.

FIG. 3 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 3. Examples of the different type of scenarios with tags in the study with time series photos and corresponding scores for expert readability (Read), breakage (Break), and percent remaining (%). (A) Depicts E. rathbuni with near faultless horizontal VIE tag, black-blue-pink. (B) A typical horizontal VIE tag on Texas Blind Salamander, purple-yellow-pink. (C) A vertical VIE tag on Texas Blind Salamander showing how the elastomer spreads into costal grooves and breaks along those lines, orange-green-red. (D) San Marcos Salamander with vertical VIE tag showing partial tag migration between month 6 and 9. Bottom portion of second yellow line migrates toward third green line, yellow-yellow-green. This individual had a previous horizontal green mark for sex. (E) Comal Springs Salamander with vertical VIE tag portraying partial tag loss of pink line between month 6 and 9, yellow-pink-red. (F) A Texas Blind Salamander, part of pilot tagging group tagged in June 2018, that was followed during the study, depicting a long-term horizontal VIE tag, orange-yellow-orange.

FIG. 2 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 2. Body size ranges for three aquatic salamanders (Eurycea spp.) varied by species and animal age. (A) Largest F1 Texas Blind Salamander, in the first group to receive PIT tags. (B) Average size representative of Texas Blind Salamanders to receive horizontal VIA and VIE tags, approximately 2–5 plus years of age. (C) 8.4 mm PIT tag. (D) Average size of vertical VIE-tagged Texas Blind Salamanders, approximately nine months to 1.5 years of age. (E) Average size of San Marcos Salamanders used in study, 2 plus years of age. (F) Average size of Comal Springs Salamanders used in study, 2 plus years of age.

FIG. 4 in Evaluation of Tagging Methods for Unique Identification of Individuals in Three Aquatic Eurycea Salamander Species

FIG. 4. (A) ''E13'' illustrates an ideal subcutaneous VIA tag. (B) ''E22'' illustrates a poor-quality VIA tag, with the code being blurred beyond legibility by both the angle and depth of tag insertion and melanophores that blur the numbers.

Figure 3 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 3. Example of Grad-CAM heatmaps obtained for Podarcis lusitanicus. The upper images show two common patterns observed in male dorsal images (also found, albeit with some differences, in females). The bottom images exhibit the patterns most frequently found in male and female head lateral images (here illustrated in two females).

Figure 2 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 2. Confusion matrix for male (upper) and female (lower) image classification for the two-class case based on a combination of predictions from six models. Abbreviations used: Pboc, P. bocagei; Plus, P. lusitanicus.

Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species.

Figure 1 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 1. The two image types analysed in this study (before pre-processing): above, a dorsal view; below, a head lateral image. Both images correspond to the same Podarcis Ʋaucheri s.l. male.

Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images.

Figure 4 in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study

Figure 4. Confusion matrix for male (upper) and female (lower) image classification for the nine-class experiment based on a combination of predictions from six models. Abbreviations used: Pboc, P. bocagei; Pcar, P. carbonelli; Phis, P. hispanicus; Plio, P. liolepis; Plus, P. lusitanicus; Pvsl, P. Ʋaucheri s.l.; Pvss, P. Ʋaucheri s.s.; Pvir, P. Ʋirescens.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular identification of three new resupinate species of Hyphoderma (Hyphodermataceae, Agaricomycetes) from East Asia

FIGURE 6. Microscopic structures of Hyphoderma tropicum (drawn from the holotype, CLZhao 17308). A: Basidiospores. B: Basidia and basidioles. C: Cystidia. D: Part of the vertical section of hymenium. Bars: A = 5 µm, B–D = 10 µm. Drawings by: Zi-Yan Duan.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular identification of three new resupinate species of Hyphoderma (Hyphodermataceae, Agaricomycetes) from East Asia

FIGURE 3. Basidiomata of Hyphoderma marginatum. Bars: A = 2 cm, B = 1 mm (Holotype: CLZhao 3404). Photo plate by: Zi-Yan Duan.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular identification of three new resupinate species of Hyphoderma (Hyphodermataceae, Agaricomycetes) from East Asia

FIGURE 2. Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of three new species and related species in Hyphoderma based on ITS sequences. Branches are labelled with maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥70%, parsimony bootstrap values ≥50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥0.95, respectively. Scale bar = 50. The new species are in bold.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular identification of three new resupinate species of Hyphoderma (Hyphodermataceae, Agaricomycetes) from East Asia

FIGURE 1. Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree illustrating the phylogeny of Hyphoderma and related genera in the order Polyporales based on ITS+nLSU sequences. The families represented by each color are indicated in the upper left of the phylogenetic tree.

FIGURE 8 in Morphological and molecular identification of three new resupinate species of Hyphoderma (Hyphodermataceae, Agaricomycetes) from East Asia

FIGURE 8. Microscopic structures of Hyphoderma yunnanense (drawn from the holotype, CLZhao 8845). A: Basidiospores. B: Basidia and basidioles. C: Cystidia. D: Part of the vertical section of hymenium. Bars: A = 5 µm, B–D = 10 µm. Drawings by: Zi-Yan Duan.