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Figures 66–71 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 66–71. Aedeagus complex, lateral view. Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Fig. 70); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) brachycerus (Fig. 67); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Fig. 66); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) tibialis (Fig. 68); Paragus (Paragus) pecchiollii (Fig. 71); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 69).

Figures 100–112 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 100–112. Ejaculatory apodeme and spermal sac (Figs 100–106); postgonites (Figs 107–112). Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Figs 104, 108); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) brachycerus (Figs 102, 110); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Figs 103, 111); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) manensis (Fig. 101); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) haemorrhous (Fig. 112); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longiventris (Fig. 100); Paragus (Paragus) quadrifasciatus (Fig. 106); Paragus (Paragus) variabilis (Fig. 109); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 105); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 107).

Figure 4 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figure 4. Strict consensus tree of eight equally parsimonious trees resulting from parsimony analysis of combined morphological and molecular data sets (length = 1365 steps, consistency index = 0.53, retention index = 0.67). Bootstrap and Bremer support values above and below nodes, respectively. The new taxonomical classification of the Paragini, according to results of this study, is shown on the right side of the tree.

Figure 1 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figure 1. One of the six most parsimonious trees using only morphological characters. Multistate characters treated as unordered (length = 53 steps, consistency index = 0.69, retention index = 0.92). Character numbers are indicated above nodes, character states below nodes. Closed circle, non-homoplastic changes; open circle, changes with homoplasy. The current taxonomy [Stuckenberg's (1954a, b) species groups] is shown on the right side of the tree. B = bicolor-group; T = tibialis-group.

Figures 23–34 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 23–34. Abdomen, male (Figs 23–28,34); abdomen, female (Figs 29–33). Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Figs 24, 30); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) brachycerus (Fig. 27); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Figs 26, 32); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) atratus (Fig. 28); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) haemorrhous (Fig. 33); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longiventris (Fig. 34); Paragus (Paragus) strigatus (Figs 25, 31); Paragus (Serratoparagus) azureus (Fig. 29); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 23).

Figures 43–48 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 43–48. Hypandrium, lateral view (Figs 43–45); hypandrium, ventral view (Fig. 39); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 47); epandrium, dorsal view (Fig. 48). Paragus (Afroparagus) borbonicus (Figs 45–4748); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 44); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 43). Names of genera and subgenera applied according to the classification proposed in this paper.

Figures 15–22 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 15–22. Scutum, dorsal view (Figs 15–17); scutellum, dorsal view (Figs 18–20); wing (Figs 21,22). Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) jozanus (Fig. 20); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) haemorrhous (Figs 17, 22); Paragus (Paragus) pecchiolii (Figs 16, 21); Paragus (Paragus) strigatus (Fig. 19); Paragus (Serratoparagus) auritus (Fig. 15); Paragus (Serratoparagus) capricorni (Fig. 18).

Figures 61–65 in Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Paragini (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular and morphological characters

Figures 61–65. Hypandrium, lateral view (Figs 61,62); hypandrium, ventral view (Fig. 63); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 64); epandrium, ventral view (Fig. 65). Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) tibialis (Figs 62, 63, 65); Paragus (Pandasyopthalmus) longiventris (Figs 61, 64).

Figures 118–119 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 118–119. Topology of Orussus spp., from PAUP* with settings 118. k = 1, 119. k = 2. Taxa formerly placed in Heliorussus are indicated with asterisks.

Figures 116–117 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 116–117. Topology of Orussus spp., from Pee-Wee with settings 116. conc1, 117. conc6. Taxa formerly placed in Heliorussus are indicated with asterisks.

Figure 115 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figure 115. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from PAUP* with settings k = 13–18. Note that Guiglia is paraphyletic.

Figures 113–114 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 113–114. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from PAUP* with settings 113. k = 1, 114. k = 4–5.

Figures 111–112 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 111–112. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from Pee-Wee with concavity constant 111. conc1, and 112. conc3.

Figures 109–110 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 109–110. Topology of genera of Orussidae, from successive weightings in PAUP* with 109.CI and 110.RI.

Figure 108 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figure 108. Strict consensus tree computed from all trees derived under every weighting condition implemented in PAUP* and Pee-Wee.

Figure 107 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figure 107. Preferred topology, used for mapping character evolution. One of two trees derived by implied weights analysis in PAUP*, k = 7–9, amb-. The tribal classification of Benson (1955a)/Guiglia (1965) is superimposed on the right. Taxa formerly placed in Heliorussus are indicated with asterisks.

Figure 106 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figure 106. Strict consensus of 540 trees, produced by equal weights, amb- analysis in PAUP*. Numbers at branches are Bremer support values.

Figures 97–105. Ninth male abdominal sternum, lateral view. 97 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 97–105. Ninth male abdominal sternum, lateral view. 97. Orussonia depressa Riek; 98. Orussella dentifrons (Philippi); 99. Orussobaius minutus Benson; 100. Leptorussus kwazuluensis Vilhelmsen sp. nov.; 101. Pseudoryssus henschii (Mocsáry); 102. Pedicrista hyalina Benson; 103. Orussus occidentalis Cresson; 104. Chalinus braunsi (Enslin); 105. Ophrynopus plaumanni Smith. Not to scale.

Figures 82–87. Eighth female abdominal tergum, dorsal view. 82 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 82–87. Eighth female abdominal tergum, dorsal view. 82. Orussonia depressa Riek; 83. Pseudoryssus henschii (Mocsáry); 84. Orussobaius minutus Benson; 85. Kulcania mexicana (Cresson); 86. Stirocorsia kohli Konow; 87. Ophrynopus plaumanni Smith. Not to scale.

Figures 75–81 in Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon

Figures 75–81. First and second abdominal terga, dorsal view. 75. Orussonia depressa Riek; 76. Orussella dentifrons (Philippi); 77. Orussus schoutedeni Guiglia; 78. Orussobaius minutus Benson; 79. Pseudoryssus henschii (Mocsáry); 80. Kulcania mexicana (Cresson); 81. Ophrynopus plaumanni Smith. Not to scale.