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FIGURE 51 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURE 51. Character state distribution obtained under ACCTRAN on the fittest tree of four characters supporting the inclusion of Austrachelas in the Gallieniellidae clade. Graphics obtained with Winclada 1.00.08.

FIGURES 52–59 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 52–59. Genitalic morphology of Austrachelas species. (52–53) A. bergi n. sp.: female epigyne, ventral view (52), dorsal view (53); (54–57) A. incertus Lawrence, 1938: female epigyne, ventral view (54), dorsal view (55), male palp, ventral view (56), retrolateral view (57); (58–59) A. kalaharinus n. sp., male palp, ventral view (58), retrolateral view (59). Scale bars = 0.1mm.

FIGURES 76–81 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 76–81. Genitalic morphology of Austrachelas species. (76–77) A. sexoculata n. sp.: male palp, ventral view (76), retrolateral view (77); (78–81) A. wassenaari n. sp.: female epigyne, ventral view (78), dorsal view (79), male palp, ventral view (80), retrolateral view (81). Scale bars = 0.1mm.

FIGURE 50. Single fittest tree obtained under implied weighting for 51 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURE 50. Single fittest tree obtained under implied weighting for 51 species from the families Corinnidae, Gallieniellidae, Lamponidae, Gnaphosidae and Liocranidae, with Zora spinimana (Zoridae) as outgroup. State changes under ACCTRAN are indicated on the tree for 27 out of 96 characters (see text); non-homoplasious state changes are in black, homoplasious state changes in white. Nodes are numbered on the tree and Goloboff fit Bremer support values are indicated in italics below branches.

FIGURES 36–41 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 36–41. Scanning electronic micrographs of Austrachelas merwei n. sp. female (36–38) and male (39–41). (36, 39) eye structure and arrangement, dorsal view; (37) sternum; (38) epigyne, ventral view; (40) mouthparts; (41) distal half of male palpal tegulum. Abbreviations: AH–anterior epigynal hood; CO–copulatory openings; EM–embolus; EP–embolar protuberance; LH–lateral epigynal hood; MA–median apophysis.

FIGURES 27–35 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 27–35. Scanning electron micrographs of Austrachelas pondoensis n. sp. somatic and genitalic morphology. (27) female chelicera, posterior view; (28) same, anterior view (29) male palp, ventral view; (30) same, dorsal view; (31) female epigyne, ventral view; (32) female left palp, retrolateral view, arrows indicating erect ventral setae; (33) female left leg 1, arrows indicating metatarsal and tarsal scopulae; (34) female left metatarsus 4, arrows indicating paired dorsal prolateral spines; (35) female, tarsal claw of left leg 4. Abbreviations: AH–anterior epigynal hood; CO–copulatory openings; EM–embolus; EP–embolar protuberance; LH–lateral epigynal hood; MA–median apophysis; PDS–paired dorsal metatarsal spines; PMT–promarginal teeth; RMT–retromarginal teeth; SC–scopulae; SS–scrappy seta; ST– subtegulum. Scale bars: 27, 29, 30 = 0.5mm; 28, 31 = 0.2mm; 32–34 = 1.0mm; 35 = 0.1mm.

FIGURES 42–49 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 42–49. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of Austrachelas pondoensis n. sp. male (42, 44–46) and female (43, 47–49). (42, 43) spinneret arrangement; (44, 47) anterior lateral spinneret; (45, 48) posterior median spinneret; (46, 49) posterior lateral spinneret. Abbreviations: Ac–aciniform gland spigot(s); ALS–anterior lateral spinneret; Cy–cylindrical gland spigot(s); maAmp–major ampullate gland spigot(s); miAmp–minor ampullate gland spigot(s); MS–PLS modified spigot(s); nu–nubbin(s); Pi–piriform gland spigot; PLS–posterior lateral spinneret; PMS– posterior median spinneret; ta–tartipore(s). Scale bars: 42 = 0.2mm; 43 = 0.5mm; 44–47 = 0.05mm; 48, 49 = 0.1mm.

FIGURES 16–26 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 16–26. Digital microscope photographs of the somatic morphology of female Austrachelas pondoensis n. sp.. (16) cephalothorax, dorsal view; (17) same, ventral view; (18) same, lateral view; (19) abdomen, dorsal view; (20) abdominal venter, epigastric area; (21) trochanter I, ventral view; (22) trochanter IV, ventral view; (23) patella I, retrolateral view; (24) leg I, prolateral view, arrow indicating metatarsal and tarsal scopulae; (25–26) distal end of leg IV, indicating paired retrolateral dorsal spines and metatarsal and tarsal scopulae. Abbreviations: AH–anterior epigynal hood; EG–endite groove; IS–intercoxal sclerite; LH–lateral epigynal hood; MHT–maxillar hair tuft; PB–pleural bars; PDS–paired dorsal metatarsal spines; PES–post-epigastric sclerite; PI–patellar indentation; PT–precoxal triangle; SC– scopulae; SI–sigillum; TR–trichobothria.

FIGURES 1–15 in A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

FIGURES 1–15. Digital microscope photographs of the habitus of Austrachelas species: (1) A. bergi n. sp., female; (2) A. incertus Lawrence, 1938, female; (3) same, male; (4) A. kalaharinus n. sp., male; (5) A. merwei n. sp., female; (6) same, male; (7) A. natalensis Lawrence, 1942, female; (8) same, male; (9) A. pondoensis n. sp., female; (10) same, male; (11) A. reavelli n. sp., female; (12) same, male; (13) A. sexoculata n. sp., male; (14) A. wassenaari n. sp., female; (15) same, male. Scale bars = 2.0mm.

FIGURES 26–32 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURES 26–32. Morphological details of Syarinidae. 26. Hadoblothrus gigas (Caporiacco, 1951), male, tip of fixed finger of left chela, antiaxial view. 27. H. gigas, male, tip of movable finger of left chela, lateral-paraxial view. 28. Pseudoblothrus roszkovskii (Redikorzev, 1918), male, gland openings area sternite VI. 29. Syarinus strandi (Ellingsen, 1901), female, apex pedipalpal lobe; 31. S. strandi, female, partial view of fingers left chelicera. 30. Syarinus obscurus (Banks, 1893), male, apex pedipalpal lobe. 32. S. strandi, female, partial view of fingers right chelicera. Scale bars (mm): 0.10 (Figs 26–28, 31–32), 0.20 (Figs 29–30).

FIGURES 4–12 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURES 4–12. Arcanobisium comasi sp. nov., male holotype. 4. carapace; 5. anterior margin of carapace, showing epistome; 6. right chelicera; 7. partial view of fingers of right chelicera; 8. cheliceral rallum; 9. right leg I, lateral view; 10. right leg IV, lateral view; 11. distal end of tarsus and apotele of right leg IV, lateral view; 12. subterminal seta of tarsus right leg IV, partial view. Abbreviations: P glandular pore; TS tactile seta. Scale bars (mm): 0.01 (Fig. 12), 0.05 (Fig. 5, 7, 8, 11), 0.10 (Fig. 6), 0.20 (Fig. 4, 9, 10).

FIGURES 2–3 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURES 2–3. Arcanobisium comasi sp. nov., male holotype. 2. habitus, dorsal view; 3. habitus, ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the type locality of Arcanobisium comasi sp. nov., the cave Avenc d'en Serenge in Castellón province, Valencian Community, Spain.

FIGURES 19–25 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURES 19–25. Arcanobisium comasi sp. nov., male holotype. 19. coxae of pedipalp and leg I; 20. genital sternites, ventral; 21. genitalia, ventral; 22. stigmata of sternites III and IV; 23. tergites-sternites VIII–XII, posterior view, drawing in perspective, entire setae only illustrated in sternites X–XI; 24. tergites-sternites VIII–XII, lateral view; 25. habitus, lateral view; pedipalps, legs and one chelicera omitted. Abbreviations: I–XII segments I–XII of opisthosoma. Scale bars (mm): 0.05 (Fig. 21), 0.10 (Figs 20, 22, 24, 25), 0.20 (Figs 19, 23).

FIGURES 13–18 in Arcanobisium, a remarkable new genus, representing a new subfamily with a relictual distribution from eastern Spain (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Syarinidae)

FIGURES 13–18. Arcanobisium comasi sp. nov., male holotype. 13. right pedipalp, without chela, dorsal view; 14. right chela, dorsal view; 15. right chela, antiaxial view; 16. tips of fixed and movable finger of right chela, antiaxial view; 17. tips of fixed and movable finger of right chela, dorsal view; 18. trichobothrium t. Abbreviations: af? pore or sensillum; pc doubled pore sensillum (other abbreviations correspond to trichobothria). Scale bars (mm): 0.05 (Fig. 18), 0.10 (Figs 16–17), 0.20 (Figs 13–15).

Fig. 11 in East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae)

Fig. 11: Internal view of the cleared epigyne of Bassaniana baudueri (Austrian specimenı Jantscher 2001: Tab. 3d)

Fig. 10 in East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae)

Fig. 10: Epigyne of Bassaniana baudueri: a. from the original description of X. albomaculatus (Kulczyński in Chyzer & Kulczyński 1891: Tab. IIIı fig. 33a)ı b. from an Austrian specimen (Jantscher 2001: Tab. 3c)ı and C. a French specimen (figure from Déjean & Ledoux 2013: fig. 10Aı by Jean-Claude Ledouxı courtesy of Sylvain Déjean)

Fig. 9 in East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae)

Fig. 9: Pedipalp (retrolateral view) of Bassaniana baudueriı based on a German specimen (Jantscher 2001: Tab. 3b).

Fig. 8 in East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae)

Fig. 8: Pedipalp (ventral view) of Bassaniana baudueri: a. from the original description of X. albomaculatus (Kulczyński in Chyzer & Kulczyński 1891: Tab. IIIı fig. 33b)ı b. from a German specimen (Jantscher 2001: Tab. 3a)ı and C. a French specimen (figure from Déjean & Ledoux 2013: fig. 10Bı by Jean-Claude Ledouxı courtesy of Sylvain Déjean)

Fig. 5 in East meets West: on the true identity of Cheiracanthium rupestre and Xysticus albomaculatus (AraChnida: Araneae: EutiChuridae, Thomisidae)

Fig. 5: Ventral view of the pedipalp a., b. of two specimens of C. macedonicum from Bulgaria and three specimens of C. striolatum C. from Portugalı d. mainland France and e. Corsica