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FIGURES 4–10. FIG 4. C in A new "elfin " butterfly species of Cissatsuma Johnson, 1992 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from northwestern Sichuan, China
FIGURES 4–10. FIG 4. C. berezowskii, sp.n., holotype, male genitalia (ZISP), ventral view, with left valva separated. Diagnostic characters: a—long robust scoop-like saccus; b—valva with basal part near equal to distal part; c—pointed valva gradually tapering to apex. FIG 5. Id., lateral view: d—slightly upturned thin tip and depression on ventral side of valva. FIG 6. Id., enlarged apex of aedeagus to show cornuti: e—large apical tooth of upper cornutus (scale 0.2 mm). FIG 7.Id., aedeagus, lateral view. FIG 8. C. albilinea (Riley, 1939), holotype, male genitalia, ventral view, hand-drawing reproduced from Johnson (1992) (NHML). FIG 9. Id., valva in lateral view. FIG 10. Id., enlarged apex of aedeagus to show cornuti. Note: Scale 1 mm unless otherwise stated.
FIGURES 28–40 in Immature stages of the Rubiaceae-feeding metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), and a new function for the tentacle nectary organs
FIGURES 28–40. Immature stages of Mesosemia cippus. 28, freshly laid egg cluster, note the microparasitoid wasp; 29, detail of yellow eggs about to hatch; grey eggs are parasitized; 30, first instar feeding; 31, first instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 32, second instar feeding; 33, second instar premolt, note the cycloalexic behavior; 34, third instar; 35, fourth instar, the uppermost caterpillar is clipping the principal leaf vein; 36, fourth instar premolt; 37, fifth (last) instar; 38, fifth instar in prepupa; 39, cluster of pupae on host plant; 40, Pupa.
FIGURE 4 in New records and their associated DNA barcodes of the butterfly family Hesperiidae in Tibet, China
FIGURE 4. Male adults of newly recorded Hesperiidae from Tibet. A, Ochlodes brahma; B, Barca bicolor; C, Aeromachus propinquus; D, Celaenorrhinus consanguineus; E, Pedesta bivitta; F, Baoris penicillata chapmani. A, B, C, right, upperside; left, underside; D, E, F, right, underside, left upperside. Scale bar=1 cm.
Fig. 1 in Diel behavior in moths and butterflies: a synthesis of data illuminates the evolution of temporal activity
Fig. 1 Simplified tree showing the evolution of diel activity in adult Lepidoptera, inferred from the Bnt123_partitioned^ dataset of Regier et al. (2013) with an RNA-Seq based topological constraint from Kawahara and Breinholt (2014) and Bazinet et al. (2017). This tree excludes some of the nodes and less diverse lineages in Lepidoptera; the complete nt123_partitioned phylogeny with all taxa in the dataset and all estimations of ancestral state probabilities can be found in Fig. S1. Colors of branches and pies: black = nocturnal, gray = crepuscular, white = diurnal. Most tips represent superfamily-level clades; the exceptions are tips at nodes 31, 32, 37, and 38, which represent families. Images of Lepidoptera shown: a Hypercompe scribonia (Noctuoidea: Erebidae), nocturnal. b Ctenucha sp. (Noctuoidea: Erebidae), diurnal. c Trabala ganesha (Lasiocampoidea: Lasiocampidae), nocturnal. d Milionia basalis (Geometroidea: Geometridae), diurnal. e Hemileuca eglanterina (Bombycoidea: Saturniidae), diurnal. f Macroglossum stellatarum
Fig. 2 Neighbour-joining phenogram calculated with the program PHYLIP ver. 3.5.c in Species radiation in the Alps: multiple range shifts caused diversification in Ringlet butterflies in the European high mountains
Fig. 2 Neighbour-joining phenogram calculated with the program PHYLIP ver. 3.5.c. (Felsenstein 1993), based on Nei's (1972) genetic distances for all samples analysed. The tree topology assigned the samples into the following six main clusters (from left to right): Erebia tyndarus (Central Alps), Erebia c. neleus (Balkans and Retezat), Erebia ottomana (Balkans), Erebia c. cassioides (eastern Alps with Apennines), Erebia c. arvernensis (western Alps, Pyrenees, Massif Central and Passo Maghen located in the south-eastern Alps) and Erebia nivalis (eastern Alps). Bootstrap values calculated with 1000 permutations are given for values exceeding 50 % probability
Fig. 7 Yphthimoides iserhardi. a Holotype, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d in Uncovering the hidden diversity of the Neotropical butterfly genus Yphthimoides Forster (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): description of three new species based on morphological and molecular data
Fig. 7 Yphthimoides iserhardi. a Holotype, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d The same, ventral view
Fig. 1 Yphthimoides gabriela. a Holotype male, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d in Uncovering the hidden diversity of the Neotropical butterfly genus Yphthimoides Forster (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): description of three new species based on morphological and molecular data
Fig. 1 Yphthimoides gabriela. a Holotype male, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d Allotype female, ventral view
Fig. 5 Yphthimoides bella. a Holotype male, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d in Uncovering the hidden diversity of the Neotropical butterfly genus Yphthimoides Forster (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): description of three new species based on morphological and molecular data
Fig. 5 Yphthimoides bella. a Holotype male, dorsal view. b The same, ventral view. c Allotype female, dorsal view. d The same, ventral view
Fig. 1 in Controversial patterns of Wolbachia infestation in the social parasitic Maculinea butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 1 Sampling sites. See the abbreviations in Online Resource 1. a M. alcon and M. arion. The infection rate is 100 % in both species. b M. nausithous and M. teleius. The infection rate is indicated with the shade of symbols representing populations. Darker symbols show higher infection rate
Fig. 1 in Niche overlap and host specificity in parasitic Maculinea butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as a measure for potential extinction risks under climate change
Fig. 1 Associations of the parasitic Maculinea butterflies (left) with their Myrmica host ant species (right). Solid lines indicate main host associations; dashed lines represent secondary hosts
Fig. 4 in Niche overlap and host specificity in parasitic Maculinea butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as a measure for potential extinction risks under climate change
Fig. 4 Estimated potential distributions of Maculinea butterflies (light grey) and Myrmica ants (dark grey) under the A2a climate change scenario in 2080 show large geographic overlaps of the butterfly
Fig. 8 in Morphological and chemical analysis of male scent organs in the butterfly genus Pyrgus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Fig. 8 Genetic distance versus chemical distance plot. Correlation between genetic and chemical distances. Black dots represent comparisons between conspecific population pairs; white dots represent interspecific comparisons. The curvilinear tendency line is obtained by quadratic regression
Fig. 6 in Morphological and chemical analysis of male scent organs in the butterfly genus Pyrgus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Fig. 6 Correlation between abundance of chemicals in wing and leg scent organs. Species showing a higher sum of abundance classes in the wing costal fold compounds show lower abundance in tibial tufts
Fig. 5 in Morphological and chemical analysis of male scent organs in the butterfly genus Pyrgus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Fig. 5 Example of total ion chromatogram (TIC). TIC of the tibial tufts (top) and the blank corresponding to the other legs (bottom) of P. malvoides from Solsonès (Lleida, Spain). The peaks of the sample that do not appear in the corresponding blank have been marked with an arrow and numbered 1–9. The relative intensity of all peaks is 1 except for compound 7, which shows maximum intensity (relative intensity of 3)
Fig. 3 in Morphological and chemical analysis of male scent organs in the butterfly genus Pyrgus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Fig. 3 SEM photographs of the scent organs on the legs of Pyrgus males. a General view of Pyrgus malvoides hind leg showing tibial tufts. Scale bar 1 mm. b Detail of P. malvoides tibial tuft setae and their insertion in the tibia. Scale bar 20 μm. c Detail of the finely striated external surface of P. malvoides tibial tuft setae. Scale bar 3 μm. d Detail showing the hollow structure of tibial tuft setae in Pyrgus sidae. Scale bar 10 μm
Fig. 2 in Morphological and chemical analysis of male scent organs in the butterfly genus Pyrgus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Fig. 2 SEM photographs of the male scent organs on the wings of Pyrgus onopordi. a Costal fold from the dorsal side of the forewings. Scale bar 1 mm. b Detail of costal fold. Scale bar 300 μm. c Scent scales (androconia) from the inside of the costal fold. Scale bar 50 μm. d Detail of a scent scale surface. Scale bar 20 μm. e Normal scales outside of the costal fold. Scale bar 100 μm. f Detail of a normal scale surface. Scale bar 20 μm
Fig. 4 in Invading a refugium: post glacial replacement of the ancestral lineage of a Nymphalid butterfly in the West Mediterranean
Fig. 4 Reconstruction of isochronous shorelines for Capri (a) and Ischia (b) at different times by coupling present-day isobaths and past sea-level reconstructions
Fig. 2 in The Chinese species of skipper butterflies in the tribe Tagiadini Mabille, 1878 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): insights from phylogeny, hostplants, and biogeography
Fig. 2 Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Tagiadini sampled for this study. The phylogeny is inferred by IQTREE based on concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Numbers beside nodes are reliable
Fig. 2 in Specialized androconial scales conceal species-specific semiochemicals of sympatric sulphur butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Coliadinae)
Fig. 2 SEM photographs of wing scales of the Colias-clade butterflies of northeastern Brazil. The androconial scales are on the upper portion of the images and the ordinary scales, on the lower portion. At × 500 magnification: (a) Anteos clorinde, (b) A. menippe, (c) Phoebis marcellina; at × 200 magnification: (d) P. argante, (e) P. philea, (f)
TABLE 1 in Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
<p><b>TABLE 1</b> Comparison of characters for distinguishing <i>Deltaya</i> gen.n., <i>Modica</i> gen.n. and related genera.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>Modica gen.n.</i></th><th><i>Emeryus</i></th><th><i>Paryphthimoides</i></th><th><i>Colombeia</i></th><th><i>Scriptor</i></th><th><b><i>Deltaya</i> gen.n.</b></th><th><i>Malaveria</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Eyes: hair-like setae</th><td>Present</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>DHW pale pupil dots in ocellus in cell Cu2-Cu1</th><td>Visible</td><td>Not visible</td><td>Variably visible</td><td>Variably visible</td><td>Not visible</td><td>Not visible</td><td>Not visible</td></tr><tr><th>VFW: prominent dark brown band (umbra) underlying postdiscal ocelli</th><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes, somewhat (except almost absent in <i>P</i>. <i>poltys</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>vestigiata</i>)</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No or weak umbra</td></tr><tr><th>VHW: dark marginal line in tornus</th><td>Thin, not broadening</td><td>Thin, not broadening</td><td>Thin, not broadening (except <i>P</i>. <i>sheba</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>pseudoconfusa</i>)</td><td>Marginal line slightly broader throughout wing</td><td>Broadening</td><td>Broadening</td><td>Thin, not broadening</td></tr><tr><th>VHW: postdiscal ocelli in cells Cu1- M3 and M3-M2</th><td>Double pupils (silver dots or elongate dashes) distinctly ringed with yellow</td><td>Where present, double pupils (silver dots) distinctly ringed with yellow</td><td>Variable across species, either double pupils (silver dots) distinctly ringed with yellow, or single pupil (an elongate silver smudge) indistinctly ringed with orange</td><td>Where present, double pupils (silver dots) distinctly ringed with yellow</td><td>Single pupil (an elongate silver smudge) indistinctly ringed with orange</td><td>Double pupils (silver dots or elongate dashes) distinctly ringed with yellow</td><td>Double pupils (silver dots or elongate dashes) distinctly ringed with yellow</td></tr><tr><th>Male genitalia aedeagus: cornuti</th><td>Variably present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present (except in <i>D</i>. <i>andrei</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>probata</i>)</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Female genitalia: lamella antevaginalis</th><td>No sclerotized lamella antevaginalis</td><td>Wrinkled, sclerotized lamella antevaginalis</td><td>Sclerotized lamella antevaginalis in some species</td><td>Sclerotized lamella antevaginalis</td><td>No sclerotized lamella antevaginalis</td><td>Sclerotized lamella antevaginalis (except in <i>D</i>. <i>andrei</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>probata</i>)</td><td>Sclerotized ‘spike’-like lamella antevaginalis</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.