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Figure 4. Species accumulation curve for species richness and a in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 4. Species accumulation curve for species richness and a non-parametric estimator of species richness Chao 2 at several sectors of the Central Andes of the Coffee Region in Colombia. The species accumulation curve indicates that the sampling shows 100% of the species consumed by the cougar in this area.
Figure 2 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 2. (A) Puma concolor photographed by camera trap in study area. (B) Feces sample. (C) Bones and hair separated from the sample.
Figure 1 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 1. Places of collected puma scats within Central Andes of Colombia. The localities are: (1) Camino de La Fe, (2) El Topacio, (3) Romeral II, (4) Los Alpes, (5) Torre Cuatro, (6) La Enea, and (7) La María.
Figure 3 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 3. Relative biomass of prey orders found in Puma concolor feces at the Central Andes of Colombia.
Hunting habits die hard: Conserved prey preferences in neotropical army ants across distant neotropical rainforests
<p><span>Supplemental dataset to article. </span></p> <p><span>A</span><span>rticle abstract: Army ants are widely recognized as keystone species in neotropical rainforests due to their role as important arthropod predators. Their large-scale raids involve countless workers scouring the forest floor in pursuit of prey, primarily capturing other invertebrates. However, our understanding of the precise dietary preferences and the degree of niche differentiation among sympatric species remains limited. In this study, we resolved an Ecuadorian army ant predation network consisting of 244 prey species and 13 army ant species of the genera <em>Cheliomyrmex</em>, <em>Eciton</em>, <em>Labidus</em>, <em>Neivamyrmex</em>, and <em>Nomamyrmex</em>. We collected 2,156 prey items from 180 army ant raids/emigrations, and of these, we identified 1,945 prey items to family level, 1,313 to genus level and 664 to species level based on morphological identifications and DNA barcodes. Prey consisted primarily of other ants (1,843 prey items; 153 ant species), to the largest part ant brood (N = 1,726). Hence, most army ant species chiefly plundered the nests of other ants, while the three swarm-raiding species, i.e. <em>L. praedator, L. spininodes, </em>and<em> E. burchellii</em>, exhibited a relatively high proportion of non-ant invertebrate prey in their diet. The predation network showed a high degree of specialization (</span><span>H<sub>2</sub>ˈ</span><span> = 0.65)</span><span>, characterized by little dietary niche overlap among sympatric species. We compared the Ecuadorian network with one previously studied in Costa Rica and found that, despite the large geographic distance, prey preferences remained remarkably similar. We discovered species-specific preferences for captured ant genera and species, despite some species turnover in both army ants and prey. Additionally, army ants also exhibited consistent spatio-temporal raiding preferences across study sites. In conclusion, predation preferences within army ant communities exhibited consistency in multiple niche dimensions across two distant geographic regions, suggesting a notable level of predictability within army ant predation networks.</span></p>
Craters of Habit: Patterns of Deformation in the Western Galápagos
<p>Datasets used in Reddin et al., Craters of Habit: Patterns of Deformation in the Western Galápagos.</p> <p>LiCSBAS output files [in .h5 format] used in this study are provided, given by 128Dcum_filt.h5 for descending, and 106Acum_filt.h5 for ascending. These files contain displacement maps for both Isabela and Fernandina, and are used to produce time series, and conduct source modelling. </p> <p>.txt files contain time series information for their corresponding volcano, with track direction included [e.g. Darwin_Asc.txt].</p> <p>Text files not beginning with Alcedo or Darwin contain time series of the 2020 eruption of Fernandina, with the location of the time series point, and corresponding track direction included in the title [e.g. NEFlank_ts_A.txt].</p>
Supporting Data: The Effect of Ocean Salinity on Climate and its Implications for Earth's Habitability
<p>Data supporting "The Effect of Ocean Salinity on Climate and its Implications for Earth's Habitability" by SL Olson, MF Jansen, DS Abbot, I Halevy, and C Goldblatt, submitted to GRL on April 18, 2022. The ROCKE-3D rundecks and input files required to reproduce these results are also included. </p>
Data from: Feeding habits of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis from Germany and palaeoecological implications for archosaurs
<p>Bite traces on fossil bones are key to deciphering feeding ecology and trophic interactions of vertebrate past ecosystems. However, similarities between traces produced by different carnivorous taxa with similar dentitions and misidentifications due to equifinality hinder confident identifications of the bite makers. Here, we correlate bite traces with macroscopic wear and microanatomy of the teeth of the pseudosuchian archosaur <i>Batrachotomus kupferzellensis</i> from the Triassic Lower Keuper fossil lagerstätten (southern Germany), untangling its feeding habits and shedding light on the bite traces generated by ziphodont teeth (teeth with serrated carinae). Individually, bite traces reflect tooth morphology, whereas composite bite traces and their frequency are related to feeding behaviour and explain tooth macroscopic wear and microanatomy. Therefore the identification of the bite maker is possible by analysing composite bite traces, their location on bones, and their relative abundance. In addition, tooth macroscopic wear and microanatomy are proven as independent lines of evidence of feeding ecology. Comparing bite traces on fossil and present-day bone assemblages, we observe that bone modifications by the crocodylomorph lineage (from Triassic pseudosuchian archosaurs to extinct and extant crocodylians) are strikingly similar, including taxa with and without ziphodont teeth. Such a set of features differs from bone modification assemblages produced by taxa with similar ziphodont teeth outside the pseudosuchian lineage (such as theropod dinosaurs and the Komodo monitor), suggesting a phylogenetic signal in feeding ecology among saurian reptiles. --</p>
Variation in eye abundance among scallops reveals ontogenetic and evolutionary convergence associated with life habits
<p>Eyes are remarkable systems to investigate the complex interaction between ecological drivers and phenotypic outcomes. Some animals, such as scallops, have many eyes for visual perception, but to date, the evolution of multiple-eye systems remains obscure. For instance, it is unclear whether eye number changes over a lifetime or varies among species. Scallops are a suitable model group to investigate these questions considering the interspecific variation of adult size and ecological diversity. We tested whether eye abundance scales with body size among individuals and species and whether it varies with life habits. We performed comparative analyses, including a phylogenetic ANCOVA and evolutionary model comparisons, based on eye count and shell height (as a proxy of body size) across 31 scallop species. Our analyses reveal that patterns of increasing relationship with body size are not concordant among taxa and suggest ontogenetic convergence caused by similar ecologies. Accordingly, selective optima in eye numbers are associated with shifts in life habits. For instance, species with increased mobility have significantly more eyes than less mobile species. The convergent evolution of greater eye abundance in more mobile scallops likely indicates a visual improvement based on increased levels of oversampling of the surrounding environment.</p>
Data from "Towards a sustainable use of shower water: Habits and explanatory factors in southern Spain"
<p>One of the targets of SDG 6 is the efficient use of water resources in all sectors in order to tackle water shortages. In the home, showering is one of the main water consuming activities. How can people make a more sustainable use of shower water? To answer this question, this research analyses showering habits and explanatory factors of shower use. The study is carried out with data from 945 students of the University of Granada, Spain. Significant differences are observed in shower use during the summer and winter months: the average duration is 8.8 and 11.6 minutes, respectively, and shower frequency is greater in summer. Determinants of different shower water use include gender, ideology, pro-environmental actions, inherent values and connectedness to nature, among others. Those variables relate differently to duration and frequency of showers, according to the season, thus highlighting the importance of seasonality. The results show that there is room to achieve a more sustainable use of the shower, in terms of frequency and duration, through awareness measures that are tailored to groups that make a less sustainable use of showers. The main recommendation is that awareness campaigns should be designed on the basis of the user profile as well as the season.</p>
Data from: Stable isotopes in the different trophic levels reveal regional divergence in dietary habits among Tibetan pastoralists
<p>Understanding geographical variation and driving mechanisms of the dietary habits of Tibetan pastoralists is a key to improving their health status under climate change and globalization. Characterization of diet via isotopic signatures along the length of the local food chain could provide this information. We analyzed δ13C and δ15N of soil, plants, animals and pastoralists at different geographical sites ranging in a gradient of easily accessible to remote areas. The high δ15N values in soil and plants were not recovered in animals and pastoralists, indicating use of external feed and food resources respectively. The mean δ13C (-22.0‰) and δ15N values (6.9‰) of pastoralists indicated diets consisting mainly of native C3 plants and animal products. Pastoralists living in the remotest areas maintained more traditional dietary habits based on native animal products. However, dietary changes of pastoralists were triggered by external food resources and alterations in ecological chain of easily accessible areas.</p>
Diversity in habit expands the environmental niche of Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae)
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: <em>Ziziphus </em>(Rhamnaceae) is a widely distributed genus across the Australasian and African tropics with unusual diversity in habit, and many species of significance to people. Here, we quantify the environmental limits of Ziziphus species and examine inter-specific relationships among functional traits, environment, biome and range size.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We developed a curated geolocation database for <em>Ziziphus </em>and used it to examine the environmental limits of the genus relative to temperature, rainfall and seasonality. To assess the relationship between biome and habit, Permanova were used, while hierarchical clustering was used to determine whether habit, leaves and fruit traits were related to biome. For 40 species with adequate geolocation data, range size was calculated to assess its relationship with habit, biomes, and cultivation. Finally, niche identity tests were used to determine niche equivalency among cultivated and non-cultivated species.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Liana species are restricted to closed forest and the geoxylic habit is found only in open grasslands. Further, habit is significantly associated with range size, with trees having on average larger range sizes than shrubs, lianas and geoxyles, but biome was not correlated with range size. Cultivated species have ranges ~10 times that of non-cultivated tree species and with significantly different and broader environmental niches.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The unusually wide distribution of <em>Ziziphus </em>can be explained by its diversity of habits associated with different biomes spanning continents. This, along with the usage of many <em>Ziziphus</em> species by people for their fruits, expands the range and environmental occupation of the genus.</p>
Feeding habits influence species habitat associations at the landscape scale in a diverse clade of Neotropical fishes
<p><strong>Aim.</strong> A primary goal of community ecology is to understand the mechanisms that drive species' spatial distribution and habitat associations. Species' geographic distribution can be influenced by the distribution of their prey partly because consumers' behavior is oriented to optimal energy use during foraging. We analyzed how differences in dietary preferences influence the spatial distribution and habitat associations of species at the landscape scale. We hypothesized that differences in feeding guilds will lead to divergent habitat association patterns among species.</p> <p><strong>Location.</strong> Amazon River drainage basin. </p> <p><strong>Taxon.</strong> Characiform fishes in the family Serrasalmidae (piranhas and pacus). </p> <p><strong>Methods.</strong> We used diet data to classify species into feeding guilds (frugivores, herbivores, piscivores, fin and scale feeders, and planktivores). We used three proxies of habitat association derived from satellite products: floodplain extent, landscape heterogeneity, and flood duration, in three distance buffers. We implemented Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares models to evaluate the relationship between habitat association and feeding guilds.</p> <p><strong>Results.</strong> Frugivores, piscivores, and fin and scale feeders presented similar patterns of habitat associations, with frugivores occupying wider areas of floodplain and greater landscape heterogeneity. Herbivores and planktivores were associated with smaller floodplain extents and lower landscape heterogeneity. All feeding guilds were associated with similar levels of flood duration.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions.</strong> Differences in resource distribution (assessed through feeding guilds) can influence habitat association. Considering the hydrological variability (i.e., floodplain extent) and landscape heterogeneity that characterize floodplains, the patterns of habitat association vary with the spatial scale considered. This work highlights the importance of understanding species habitat associations by fish as well as food resource dynamics and floodplain dependence. This realization is critical for assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on freshwater ecosystems.</p>
How to change your linguistic habits? Set your goals
<p>The animation presents an imaginary day of a person, who plans ahead in order to use her own language in different situations. It is a matter of goal setting.</p> <p>Credits - concept art: Réka Kassay. Animation: Judith Vicsi, Bence Orosz. Graphics: Éva Páncél. Narration text: Erika Keszeg, Tibor Toró.</p>
Limits of the Habitable Zone CO2 atmosphere with 3D Climate Modelling
<p>Water is crucial for life, regardless of the environment. That's why in search of extraterrestrial life, we focus on planets in the habitable zone (HZ), where liquid water can exist. The size of this zone depends on factors like the star type and planet size. Using the Generic PCM model (https://lmdz-forge.lmd.jussieu.fr/mediawiki/Planets/index.php/Overview_of_the_Generic_PCM), we've defined the limits of the HZ for atmospheres dominated by CO2 in 3D for the first time. You can access the dataset from the simulations in ".nc" file format. Temporal evolution of variables such as surface temperature, surface pressure, water vapour, liquid water, ice etc. are in a 3D grid for different orbital distances and with different surface pressures are present in the dataset. We have used the correlated-k table published in Zenodo for the simulations (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10978791).</p>
Limits of the Habitable Zone for H2 atmosphere with 3D climate Modelling
<p>Water is crucial for life, regardless of the environment. That's why in search of extraterrestrial life, we focus on planets in the habitable zone (HZ), where liquid water can exist. The size of this zone depends on factors like the star type and planet size. Using the Generic PCM model (https://lmdz-forge.lmd.jussieu.fr/mediawiki/Planets/index.php/Overview_of_the_Generic_PCM), we've defined the limits of the HZ for atmospheres dominated by H2 in 3D for the first time. You can access the dataset from the simulations in ".nc" file format. Temporal evolution of variables such as surface temperature, surface pressure, water vapour, liquid water, ice etc. are in a 3D grid for different orbital distances and with different surface pressures are present in the dataset. We have used the correlated-k table published in Zenodo for the simulations (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10978762).</p>
Elk food habits using DNA metabarcoding for plant identification
<p>North American elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) inhabited portions of the Eastern United States until extirpation in the mid-1800s. From 2000 to 2008, 201 elk were reintroduced to the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area (NCWMA), Tennessee. The stocking source was Elk Island National Park, Alberta Canada where there are two distinct genetic populations isolated from the north and south. This genetic structure has largely persisted in the population after translocation. Food habits were evaluated in the early stages of restoration, but the population has had approximately 20 years to adapt to the landscape, and current food habits are unknown. To assess diet composition using DNA metabarcoding, we collected fecal pellets of elk from 65 openings within the 79,318-ha NCWMA weekly from February to April of 2019. We targeted the ITS2 region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA to amplify vegetation sequences found in the internal portion of the elk feces. DNA metabarcoding of feces was linked to results from an accompanying elk population genetics study to investigate food habits between sexes from the two different genetic groups. The majority (80.298%) of sequences matched plants from 22 genera. The top genera (>5.000%) represented were <em>Vaccinium</em> (15.216%), <em>Festuca</em> (8.446%), <em>Rosa</em> (6.358%), <em>Robinia</em> (5.793%), and <em>Eleagnus</em> (5.186%). Elk heavily used woody plants before and after spring green-up (>50% of diet). However, the quantity of forbs in their diet more than doubled after emergence in the spring. The sex-genetic groups consumed similar vegetation in approximately proportionate amounts. Diversity analyses revealed a significant difference in plant genera sequence detection between males from the two genetic groups, although this finding is likely explained by limited sample size. NCWMA elk used a variety of forage in the winter and DNA metabarcoding analysis allows for a comprehensive analysis of food habits useful for monitoring how elk respond dietarily to habitat management.</p>
Figure 1 in Seasonal analysis of food items and feeding habits of endangered riverine catfish Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822)
Figure 1. Study area map showing the stretch of Padma River covered during the sampling of R. rita.
Figure 2 in Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan
Figure 2. Month wise number of stomach and empty stomachs.
Figure 4 in Feeding habit of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in upper parts of river Swat, Pakistan
Figure 4. Full gut weight and gut contents among various length groups.
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