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375 results for “Boreal forests”
Data from: Regional variation in interior Alaskan boreal forests is driven by fire disturbance, topography, and climate
High latitude regions are warming rapidly with important ecological and societal consequences. Utilizing two landscape-scale datasets from interior Alaska, we compared patterns in forest structure in two regions with sharply differing fire disturbance, topography, and climate. Our goal was to evaluate a set of hypotheses concerning possible warming-driven changes in forest structure suggested by recent literature. We found essentially consistent habitat associations for the tree flora across two disparate study areas concomitant with considerable differences in observed patterns of forest structure and composition. Our results confirmed expected increases in broadleaved species occupancy and abundance in the warmer, more fire-affected study region along with considerably higher tree occupancy and abundance in high elevation areas there. However, contrary to our predictions, we found no evidence of expected reductions in conifer occupancy or increases in non-fire related tree mortality. Instead, both individual and combined tree species occupancy, density, abundance, and richness were considerably higher in the warmer, more fire-influenced region, except in the warmest, driest areas (steep and south-facing slopes at low elevation). Our comparison of two landscape-scale datasets suggests that changes in tree distribution and forest structure in interior Alaska will proceed unevenly, governed by a mosaic of site-dependent influences wherein forest community composition and species dominance will shift along different trajectories and at different rates according to variation in underlying landscape attributes. Although there were clear differences in forest structure between the two areas that were likely attributable to differences in growing season warmth and fire disturbance, we found scant support for the concept of an incipient, ongoing biome shift in interior Alaska resulting from impending diminution of boreal forest cover over the short to medium term. Indeed, we suggest that (depending on severity of disturbance dynamics and the rapidity of future warming) cooler areas of interior Alaska's forest may reasonably be expected to sustain marginal increases in forest cover with additional warming, at least in certain topographic positions (such as poorly drained basins and cool treeline sites) and/or geographic regions, prior to any landscape-scale diminution of forest cover due to warming.
Figure 1 in Structure of insect community in the fungus Inonotus radiatus in riparian boreal forests
Figure 1. Map showing the five lakes (black dots) from which Inonotus radiatus basidiomes were sampled in Uppland, Sweden.
Figure 2 in Structure of insect community in the fungus Inonotus radiatus in riparian boreal forests
Figure 2. Accumulation curves for species richness (and 95% confidence intervals) for species that use Inonotus radiatus as breeding habitat. Solid lines represent northern and dotted lines southern shores.
Figure 3 in Structure of insect community in the fungus Inonotus radiatus in riparian boreal forests
Figure 3. Species accumulation curves (and 95% confidence intervals) in Inonotus radiatus samples of different decay stages. The curves for fresh decay stages (n = 16 samples) and advanced decay stages (n = 36) have been extrapolated to a common sample size of 49 samples with both living and dead basidiomes (i.e. mixed). Only taxa that were considered to breed in the basidiomes were included.
Data for: The photosynthetic response of spectral chlorophyll fluorescence differs across species and light environments in a boreal forest ecosystem
<p>Chlorophyll fluorescence can serve as a proxy of photosynthesis in boreal forests. When sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQS) relaxes towards summer, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) emission increases along with photosynthesis. Yet, other physical and physiological factors can also leave a measurable imprint on the fluorescence emission spectra, and disrupt this relationship.</p> <p>We measured leaf-level spectral ChlF of Scots pine, Norway spruce and lingonberry exposed to contrasting light environments throughout the spring recovery of photosynthesis, simultaneously with a series of photosynthetic, biochemical and morphological traits. Correlations between traits and ChlF spectral components were analyzed to identify the mechanisms underlying both the spatial variation found between species and light environments, and the temporal variation found across the study period.</p> <p>Spatially, we found evidence of baseline differences in leaf-level ChlF magnitude, which we attribute to species- and light environment-specific changes in leaf morphology. Temporally, ChlF magnitude followed the relaxation of NPQS towards summer, but only in upper canopy foliage and lingonberry, suggesting a seasonal compensation effect between sustained photochemical quenching (PQS) and NPQS, potentially decoupling the seasonal relationship between ChlF and photosynthesis in shaded foliage. Finally, we show subtle changes in the shape of the ChlF spectra that took place independently of chlorophyll concentration dynamics, pointing to the complexity of NPQs which can involve structural rearrangements in the thylakoids and changes in the relative contribution of PSI to emitted ChlF.</p> <p>We conclude that the diversity of species and light environments found within an ecosystem generates a baseline level of variation in leaf spectral ChlF as well as contrasting seasonal photosynthetic acclimation patterns. These sources of variability should be taken into account when developing quantitative models for the interpretation of ChlF data, in particular for applications involving high resolution SIF imaging systems capable of resolving different plant individuals and their parts.</p>
Boreal forest fertilization leads to functional homogenization of ground beetle assemblages
<p>1. Intensive fertilization of young spruce forest plantations (i.e. "nutrient optimization") has the potential to meet increasing demands for carbon sequestration and biomass production from boreal forests. However, its effects on biodiversity, other than the homogenization of ground-layer plant communities, are widely unknown.</p> <p>2. We sampled ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in young spruce forest plantations of southern Sweden, within a large-scale, replicated ecological experiment initiated in 2012, where half of forest stands were fertilized every second year. We assessed multi-scale effects of forest fertilization on ground beetle diversity and community assembly, four years after commencement of the experiment.</p> <p>3. We found that nutrient optimization had negative effects on ground beetle diversity at multiple spatial scales, despite having negligible effects on species richness. At the local scale, ground beetle species had lower variation in body size at fertilized sites, resulting in within-site functional homogenization. At the landscape scale, fertilized sites, with higher basal area and lower bilberry cover, filtered carabid traits composition to larger body sizes, generalist predators, and summer breeding species.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Fertilization of young spruce plantations is a strong filter for ground beetle assemblages, leading to functionally homogeneous communities in the short term, without changes in species richness. The large-scale functional impoverishment of carabid communities because of fertilization may have negative consequences on system resilience and on ecosystem service provision by this functionally diverse group. Large-scale establishment of nutrient optimization threatens ground beetle diversity in young conifer plantations, underlining the risks of introducing more intensive management schemes in already heavily managed forest landscapes.26-Feb-2021</p>
Scavenger community structure along an environmental gradient from boreal forest to alpine tundra in Scandinavia
<p>Scavengers can have strong impacts on food webs, and awareness of their role in ecosystems have increased during the last decades. In our study, we used baited camera traps to quantify the structure of the winter scavenger community in central Scandinavia across a forest-alpine continuum and assess how climatic conditions affected spatial patterns of species occurrences. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the main habitat type (forest or alpine tundra) and snow depth were main determinants of community structure. According to hierarchical modelling of the species community, species richness was higher in forest than in alpine habitat but was only weakly associated with temperature and snow depth. However, we observed stronger and more diverse impacts of these covariates on individual species. Occurrence at baits of habitat generalists (red fox, golden eagle and common raven) typically increased at low temperatures and high snow depth, probably due to increased energetic demands and lower live prey availability in harsh winter conditions. On the contrary, occurrence of forest specialists (e.g. Eurasian jay) tended to decrease in deep snow, which is possibly a consequence of reduced bait detectability and accessibility. In general, the influence of environmental covariates on species richness and occurrence was lower in alpine tundra than in forests, and habitat generalists dominated the scavenger communities in both habitat types. Following forecasted climate change, altered environmental conditions is likely to cause range expansion of boreal species and range contraction of typical alpine species such as the arctic fox. Our results suggest that altered snow conditions will be a main driver of change.</p>
The trajectories of vegetative structure and soil microbial function diverged across a fire chronosequence of the boreal forests in Northeast China
<p>The role of boreal forest to ameliorate the effect of global climate change largely depends on the regeneration of postfire forests in northeast China. The postfire recovery of boreal forest can be evaluated by the aboveground vegetative structure and soil microbial function. In present study, a 50-year fire chronosequence was established, and the biomass of forbs, shrub and woody plant was separately weighted to assess their contribution to the whole community with the year since fire (YSF). Simultaneously, soil biophysical properties were measured for stands in different time period after fire. Soil microbial functions, i.e., growth efficiency (GE) and carbon use efficiency (CUE), were calculated basing on ecoenzymatic and soil nutrient stoichiometry. In terms of vegetative structure, forbs' proportion decreased from 75% to 1.5%, but the proportion of woody plant increased from 0.04% to 70% across this fire chronosequence. In contrast, soil microbial function reached the highest value in 15 YSF and then began to decrease. As an important variable, soil metal content, particularly the calcium content, showed a positive correlation with woody plant biomass and a negative with soil microbial function. Furthermore, soil metal content was significantly increased in the late stage of this fire chronosequence. Overall, the present work highlighted that the time period of 15 YSF and 31 YSF was a hallmark stage for aboveground vegetative structure and soil microbial function to change in different trends, and the calcium content may partly account for these two divergent trajectories.</p>
Nonlinear responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to nitrogen deposition in an old-growth boreal forest
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition is known to increase carbon (C) sequestration in N-limited boreal forests. However, the long-term effects of N deposition on ecosystem carbon fluxes have been rarely investigated in old-growth boreal forests. Here we show that decade-long experimental N additions significantly stimulated net primary production (NPP) but the effect decreased with increasing N loads. The effect on soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) shifted from a stimulation at low-level N additions to an inhibition at higher levels of N additions. Consequently, low-level N additions resulted in a neutral effect on net ecosystem productivity (NEP), due to a comparable stimulating effect on NPP and Rh, while NEP was increased by high-level N additions. Moreover, we found nonlinear temporal responses of NPP, Rh and NEP to low-level N additions. Our findings imply that actual N deposition in boreal forests likely exerts a minor contribution to their soil C storage.</p>
Dataset from "How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? Insights from observations and modeling in eastern Canada"
<p>The dataset presented below is described in the publication “<em>How does a warm and low-snow winter impact the snow cover dynamics in a humid and discontinuous boreal forest? An observational study in eastern Canada.</em>” from Bouchard et al. (submitted) in the journal Hydrology and Earth System Science.</p> <p>The original dataset includes <strong>monitoring data</strong> collected at Montmorency Forest (47.29°N, 71.17°W) from 15 October 2020 to 15 June 2021 (W20-21) and from 15 October 2021 to 15 June 2021 (W21-22) in a medium-size gap, the small-size gap and under the canopy. The study site is a balsam fir – whit birch stand on a 12° slope of north-east aspect. In the monitoring dataset you can find at the hourly timestep:</p> <ul> <li>Snow depth (cm)</li> <li>Soil temperature at 20 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm below ground surface (°C)</li> <li>Soil-snow interface temperature (°C)</li> <li>Snow temperature every 15 cm from the ground surface (°C)</li> <li>Snow surface temperature (°C)</li> <li>Air temperature (°C)</li> <li>Relative humidity (%)</li> <li>Soil volumetric water content at 15 cm below the ground surface (0 – 1)</li> </ul> <p>The dataset also includes <strong>snow pit observations</strong> taken at Montmorency Forest during W20-21 and during W21-22. Each winter, four (4) snow pits were dug inside medium-size gaps, small-size gaps and at subcanopy locations. Snow pit measurement dates are presented in Bouchard et al. (submitted). Each snow pit includes the vertical profile of:</p> <ul> <li>Snow stratigraphy</li> <li>Snow temperature</li> <li>Snow density</li> <li>Snow specific surface area (SSA)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>The snow pit height corresponds to the upper boundary of the topmost snow layer in the stratigraphy profile. For density measurements, the height value corresponds to the center of the 3-cm thick box cutter. For the SSA, the value is measured optically at the top of the sample. This value is representative of the top 1 cm of the snow sample, as this is the typical e-folding depth of 1310 nm radiation in snow. Grain type codes for the snowpack stratigraphy correspond to the <em>International Classification for Seasonal Snow </em>(Fierz et al., 2009):</p> <ul> <li>PP: precipitation particles </li> <li>DF: decomposed and fragmented precipitation particles</li> <li>RG: rounded grains</li> <li>FC: faceted crystals</li> <li>FCxr: rounding faceted particles</li> <li>DH: depth hoar</li> <li>MFpc: melt forms – rounded polycrystals</li> <li>MF: melt forms – clustered rounded grains</li> <li>MFcr: melt forms – melt-freeze crusts</li> <li>IF: ice formations</li> </ul>
Data set supporting publication "Hydrological Coupling and Decoupling of Hydric Hemi-boreal Forest Sites Inferred from Soil Water Models and Tree-Ring Chronology" by Kalvāns A. and Dauškane I. accepted for publication in the scientific journal Forests
<p>These files are supporting information for the article:</p> <p>Kalvāns, Daukškane (<em>accepted</em>). Hydrological Coupling and Decoupling of Hydric Hemi-boreal Forest Sites Inferred from Soil Water Models and Tree-Ring Chronology. <em>Forests</em></p> <p>The data set comprises following elements:</p> <ol> <li>Hydrus-1D soil water model setup files and calculation results ([1_Hydrus_1D_hydric_forest_soil_water_model_instances.zip]) for two study plots and 12 model instances, with following naming convention: [{Site Identifier}__{proportion of active leaf area index}_kLAI__{forced groundwater exfiltration rate cm/day}_SeepIn_const]. That is model instance named [P1__0.4_kLAI__0.05_SeepIn_const.h1d], considers the study site Plot_1, the active leafe area proportion is 0.4 and it has applied constant rate of groundwater exfiltration at the base of the soil column of 0.05 cm/day. The models are forced by E-OBS v26.0e data set for the period from 1980-01-01 to 2022-06-30.</li> <li>Black alder <em>Alnus glutinosa</em> tree ring chronologies for the two study plots ([2_tree_ring_data.zip])</li> <li>Soil and ground-water observation time series for the two study plots ([3_soil_ground_water_observations.zip])</li> </ol>
Permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands is rapidly altering forest community composition
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Data from: Incorporating uncertainty into forest management planning: timber harvest, wildfire and climate change in the boreal forest
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Data from: Shade tolerance and the functional trait - demography relationship in temperate and boreal forests
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Occupancy modeling of habitat use by white-tailed deer after more than a decade of exclusion in the boreal forest
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Data from: Can novel pest outbreaks drive ecosystem transitions in northern-boreal birch forest?
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Multiple drivers of large‐scale lichen decline in boreal forest canopies
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Data from: Irregular forest structures originating after fire: an opportunity to promote alternatives to even-aged management in boreal forests
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Data from: Climatic change only stimulated growth for trees under weak competition in central boreal forests
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Northward range expansion of rooting ungulates decreases detritivore and predatory mite abundances in boreal forests
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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