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FIGURE 3 in Chrysanthemum bizarre, a new species of Chrysanthemum from Hunan, China

FIGURE 3. Ordination (PCA) based on nine leaf morphological characters. The cumulative percentage of eigenvalues for the first two axes is more than 72.2%.

FIGURE 2 in Chrysanthemum bizarre, a new species of Chrysanthemum from Hunan, China

FIGURE 2. Fresh and scanning electron microscopic images of the leaves of three types of Chrysanthemum. A–C Chrysanthemum bizarre; D–F: C. vestitum var. vestitum; G–I: C. vestitum var. latifolium; A,D,E: fresh images; B,E,H: Scanning electron microscopic images of the upper epidermis surface; C,F,I: Scanning electron microscopic images of the lower epidermis surface. In B: T= Trichome, G=Gland

FIGURE 4 in Chrysanthemum bizarre, a new species of Chrysanthemum from Hunan, China

FIGURE 4. Line drawing of Chrysanthemum bizarre C. Z. Shen, A: Habit; B: Leaf; C: Capitulum; D: Ray floret; E: Disk floret; F: Disk floret except corolla; G: Achenes. Drawing by Ye Lv.

FIGURE 1. Chrysanthemum bizarre C. Z in Chrysanthemum bizarre, a new species of Chrysanthemum from Hunan, China

FIGURE 1. Chrysanthemum bizarre C. Z. Shen in the wild. A: Floriferous branch; B: Capitulum; C: Ray florets; D: Disk florets; E: Disk florets with the exception of corolla; F: Style of disk floret; G: Achenes; H: Capitula of C. vestitum var. vestitum.

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FIGURE 1 in Reinstatement of the independent specific status of Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)

FIGURE 1. Type specimens of Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (A, B) and C. hypargyreum (C, D). A. China, Sichuan, Songpan, E.H. Wilson 3858a (holotype: K). B. Same locality, E.H. Wilson 3858a (isotype: A). C. China, Shaanxi, Baoji, J. Giraldi 2903 (syntype: FI). D. China, Shaanxi, Meixian, J. Giraldi 2902 (syntype: FI).

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FIGURE 3 in Reinstatement of the independent specific status of Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)

FIGURE 3. Chrysanthemum hypargyreum in the wild (Meixian, Shaanxi, China). A. Habitat and habit. B. Portion of stem. C. Leaves (adaxial surface; inset shows abaxial densely argenteous-sericeous leaf blade). D. Capitulum (top view). E. Capitulum (side view). F. Capitulum (back view). G. Phyllaries (abaxial surface). H. Ray florets. I. Tubular florets. All photographs by L. Wang.

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FIGURE 2 in Reinstatement of the independent specific status of Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)

FIGURE 2. Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum in the wild (Songpan, Sichuan, China). A. Habitat and habit. B. Portion of stem. C. Leaves (adaxial surface; inset shows abaxial slightly araneose leaf blade). D. Capitulum (top view). E. Capitulum (side view). F. Capitulum (back view). G. Phyllaries (abaxial surface). H. Ray florets. I. Tubular florets. All photographs by L. Wang.

Fig. 4 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L

Fig. 4. Characterization of CiTPS enzymatic activity. (A) TIC of α-pinene produced in the root of C. indicum, the enzymatic products of CiTPS1 (without an MBP tag), the enzymatic products of CiTPS2 (pET-(-tp)-CiTPS2), and the negative control (GPP + boiled protein). (B) TIC of the corresponding metabolites produced in the root, the enzymatic products of CiTPS3 (without an MBP tag), and the negative control (FPP + boiled protein). (C) TIC of the enzymatic products of CiTPS4 (with GPP and FPP as substrate and without an MBP tag) and the negative control (GPP/FPP + boiled protein). TIC, total ion chromatogram.

Fig. 5 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L

Fig. 5. Expression pattern analysis of CiTPSs in different tissues of C. indicum. (A–D) Expression pattern analysis of CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3, and CiTPS4 in the root, stem, leaf, flower bud, and flower. Error bars represent the standard deviations between the three biological replicates. Different letters represent significant differences at P <0.05. (E) The corresponding products (volatile terpenoids) produced by CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3 or CiTPS4 in C. indicum. n. d.: not detected; trace: 0–1 × 10 4 ng/mg, FW; +, 0.1–10 ng/mg, FW; + +, 10–100 ng/mg, FW; +++,>100 ng/mg, FW.

Fig. 3 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L

Fig. 3. (A) Amino acid sequence alignments of CiTPS1, CiTPS2, CiTPS3, and CiTPS4 (unigene 0021,699, 0037,767, 0060,549, and 0062,052, respectively) and six TPSs from other plants. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of four TPSs from C. indicum and some TPSs from other plants. Detailed information, including plant names and GenBank identification numbers, are shown in Supplementary Table S3. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method and the MEGA and ITOL tools (http://itol.embl.de/).

Fig. 1 in Volatile metabolic profiling and functional characterization of four terpene synthases reveal terpenoid diversity in different tissues of Chrysanthemum indicum L

Fig. 1. Volatile terpenoids in different tissues of C. indicum. (A) The representative total ion chromatogram of the root, stem, leaf, flower bud, and flower. (B) Heatmap of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in different tissues of C. indicum.