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1,283 results for “Copying”
Data from: Copy-when-uncertain: bumblebees rely on social information when rewards are highly variable
To understand the relative benefits of social and personal information use in foraging decisions, we developed an agent-based model of social learning that predicts social information should be more adaptive where resources are highly variable and personal information where resources vary little. We tested our predictions with bumblebees and found that foragers relied more on social information when resources were variable than when they were not. We then investigated whether socially salient cues are used preferentially over non-social ones in variable environments. Although bees clearly used social cues in highly variable environments, under the same conditions they did not use non-social cues. These results suggest that bumblebees use a 'copy-when-uncertain' strategy.
Data from: The cost of copy number in a selfish genetic element: the 2µM plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Many autonomously replicating genetic elements exist as multiple copies within the cell. The copy number of these elements is often assumed to have important fitness consequences for both element and host, yet the forces shaping its evolution are not well understood. The 2µm is a multi-copy plasmid of Saccharomyces yeasts, encoding just four genes that are solely involved in plasmid replication. One simple model for the fitness relationship between yeasts and 2µm is that plasmid copy number evolves as a tradeoff between selection for increased vertical transmission, favoring high copy number, and selection for decreased virulence, favoring low copy number. To test this model, we experimentally manipulated the copy number of the plasmid and directly measured the fitness cost, in terms of growth rate reduction, associated with high plasmid copy number. We find that the fitness burden imposed by the 2µm increases with plasmid copy number, such that each copy imposes a fitness burden of 0.17% (±0.008%), greatly exceeding the cost expected for it to be stably maintained in yeast populations. Our results demonstrate the crucial importance of copy number in the evolution of yeast/2µm associations, and pave the way for future studies examining how selection can shape the cost of multi-copy elements.
Data from: Evolution of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene family: Ancestral copy number and functional divergence of BAM1 and BAM2 in Brassicaceae
Gene duplication allows for functional divergence and innovation that provide selective advantages. However, in flowering plants genetic studies have revealed that single-gene mutations affecting one of two or more closely related paralogs often fail to cause detectable morphological defects, suggesting functional redundancy. Flowering plants have hundreds of genes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs), several of which play important roles in anther development but little is known about their evolutionary history and possible functional divergence. We investigated the evolutionary relationship of the LRR-RLK gene family by phylogenetic analysis and found that these closely related paralogs resulted from multiple duplication events, such as the one resulting in BAM1 and BAM2. We further used qRT-PCR to verify gene expression changes in immature anthers from the bam1/bam2 single and double mutants compared with wild type providing strong evidence that the BAM1 and BAM2 genes have evolved different functions, with differential effects on anther gene expression. Moreover, careful examination of anther development in bam1 and bam2 single mutants revealed previously unrecognized extra cell division in tapetum cell layers. Thus our results from phylogenetic, molecular and morphological analyses uncover sequence and functional differences between paralogs whose single mutants lack obvious fertility defects, effectively revealing functional divergence of duplicate genes.
Data from: Assessing approaches for inferring species trees from multi-copy genes
With the availability of genomic sequence data, there is increasing interest in using genes with a possible history of duplication and loss for species tree inference. Here we assess the performance of both non-probabilistic and probabilistic species tree inference approaches using gene duplication and loss and coalescence simulations. We evaluated the performance of gene tree parsimony (GTP) based on duplication (Only-dup), duplication and loss (Dup-loss), and deep coalescence (Deep-c) costs, the NJst distance method, the MulRF supertree method, and PHYLDOG, which jointly estimates gene trees and species tree using a hierarchical probabilistic model. We examined the effects of gene tree and species sampling, gene tree error, and duplication and loss rates on the accuracy of phylogenetic estimates. In the 10-taxon duplication and loss simulation experiments, MulRF is more accurate than the other methods when the duplication and loss rates are low, and Dup-loss is generally the most accurate when the duplication and loss rates are high. PHYLDOG performs well in 10-taxon duplication and loss simulations, but its run time is prohibitively long on larger data sets. In the larger duplication and loss simulation experiments, MulRF outperforms all other methods in experiments with at most 100 taxa; however, in the larger simulation, Dup-loss generally performs best. In all duplication and loss simulation experiments with more than 10 taxa, all methods perform better with more gene trees and fewer missing sequences, and they are all affected by gene tree error. Our results also highlight high levels of error in estimates of duplications and losses from GTP methods and demonstrate the usefulness of methods based on generic tree distances for large analyses.
Data from: Identification and qualification of 500 nuclear, single-copy, orthologous genes for the Eupulmonata (Gastropoda) using transcriptome sequencing and exon capture
The qualification of orthology is a significant challenge when developing large, multiloci phylogenetic data sets from assembled transcripts. Transcriptome assemblies have various attributes, such as fragmentation, frameshifts and mis-indexing, which pose problems to automated methods of orthology assessment. Here, we identify a set of orthologous single-copy genes from transcriptome assemblies for the land snails and slugs (Eupulmonata) using a thorough approach to orthology determination involving manual alignment curation, gene tree assessment and sequencing from genomic DNA. We qualified the orthology of 500 nuclear, protein-coding genes from the transcriptome assemblies of 21 eupulmonate species to produce the most complete phylogenetic data matrix for a major molluscan lineage to date, both in terms of taxon and character completeness. Exon capture targeting 490 of the 500 genes (those with at least one exon >120 bp) from 22 species of Australian Camaenidae successfully captured sequences of 2825 exons (representing all targeted genes), with only a 3.7% reduction in the data matrix due to the presence of putative paralogs or pseudogenes. The automated pipeline Agalma retrieved the majority of the manually qualified 500 single-copy gene set and identified a further 375 putative single-copy genes, although it failed to account for fragmented transcripts resulting in lower data matrix completeness when considering the original 500 genes. This could potentially explain the minor inconsistencies we observed in the supported topologies for the 21 eupulmonate species between the manually curated and 'Agalma-equivalent' data set (sharing 458 genes). Overall, our study confirms the utility of the 500 gene set to resolve phylogenetic relationships at a range of evolutionary depths and highlights the importance of addressing fragmentation at the homolog alignment stage for probe design.
Gene copy number is associated with phytochemistry in Cannabis sativa
<p>Gene copy number variation is known to be important in nearly every species where it has been examined. Alterations in gene copy number may provide a fast way of acquiring diversity, allowing rapid adaptation under strong selective pressures, and may also be a key component of standing genetic variation within species. <i>Cannabis sativa </i>plants produce a distinguishing set of secondary metabolites, the cannabinoids, many of which have medicinal utility. Two major cannabinoids -THCA and CBDA - are products of a three-step biochemical pathway. Using whole genome shotgun sequence data for 69 <i>Cannabis</i> cultivars from diverse lineages within the species, we found that genes encoding the synthases in this pathway vary in copy number. Transcriptome sequence data shows that the cannabinoid paralogs are differentially expressed among lineages within the species. We also found that copy number partially explains variation in cannabinoid content levels among <i>Cannabis</i> plants. Our results demonstrate that biosynthetic genes found at multiple points in the pathway could be useful for breeding purposes, and suggest that natural and artificial selection have shaped copy number variation. Truncations in specific paralogs are associated with lack of production of particular cannabinoids, showing how phytochemical diversity can evolve through a complex combination of processes.</p>
Data from: Trial-and-error copying of demonstrated actions reveals how fledglings learn to 'imitate' their mothers
Understanding how humans and other animals learn to perform an act from seeing it done has been a major challenge in the study of social learning. To determine whether this ability is based on 'true imitation', many studies have applied the two-action experimental paradigm, examining whether subjects learn to perform the specific action demonstrated to them. Here, we show that the insights gained from animals' success in two-action experiments may be limited, and that a better understanding is achieved by monitoring subjects' entire behavioural repertoire. Hand-reared house sparrows that followed a model of a mother demonstrator were successful in learning to find seeds hidden under a leaf, using the action demonstrated by the mother (either pushing the leaf or pecking it). However, they also produced behaviours that had not been demonstrated but were nevertheless related to the demonstrated act. This finding suggests that while the learners were clearly influenced by the demonstrator, they did not accurately imitate her. Rather, they used their own behavioural repertoire, gradually fitting it to the demonstrated task solution through trial and error. This process is consistent with recent views on how animals learn to imitate, and may contribute to a unified process-level analysis of social learning mechanisms.
Data from: Evolution and selection of Rhg1, a copy-number variant nematode-resistance locus
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance locus Rhg1 is a tandem repeat of a 31.2 kb unit of the soybean genome. Each 31.2-kb unit contains four genes. One allele of Rhg1, Rhg1-b, is responsible for protecting most US soybean production from SCN. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, and PCR assays were developed to investigate allelic variation in sequence and copy number of the Rhg1 locus across a population of soybean germplasm accessions. Four distinct sequences of the 31.2-kb repeat unit were identified, and some Rhg1 alleles carry up to three different types of repeat unit. The total number of copies of the repeat varies from 1 to 10 per haploid genome. Both copy number and sequence of the repeat correlate with the resistance phenotype, and the Rhg1 locus shows strong signatures of selection. Significant linkage disequilibrium in the genome outside the boundaries of the repeat allowed the Rhg1 genotype to be inferred using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of 15 996 accessions. Over 860 germplasm accessions were found likely to possess Rhg1 alleles. The regions surrounding the repeat show indications of non-neutral evolution and high genetic variability in populations from different geographic locations, but without evidence of fixation of the resistant genotype. A compelling explanation of these results is that balancing selection is in operation at Rhg1.
Spatial Informatics Group (SIG)_Ethiopia Project Example - To Copy Heiru
Ethiopia Land Cover Validation Example
Sample site coordinates, environmental data, number of copies of target DNA/ul for each sample and limit of detection plot
<p>Human activities in coastal areas are accelerating ecosystem changes at an unprecedented pace, resulting in habitat loss, hydrological modifications, and predatory species declines. Understanding how these changes potentially cascade across marine and freshwater ecosystems requires knowing how mobile euryhaline species link these seemingly-disparate systems. As upper trophic level predators, bull sharks (<i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>) play a crucial role in marine and freshwater ecosystem health. Telemetry studies in Mobile Bay, Alabama suggest that bull sharks extensively use the northern portions of the bay, an estuarine-freshwater interface known as the Mobile-Tensaw Delta. To assess whether bull sharks use freshwater habitats in this region, environmental DNA surveys were conducted during the dry summer and wet winter seasons in 2018. In each season, 5 x<span> 1</span> L water samples were collected at each of 21 sites: five sites in Mobile Bay, six sites in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta, and ten sites throughout the Mobile-Tombigbee and Tensaw-Alabama Rivers. Water samples were vacuum-filtered, DNA extractions were performed on the particulate, and DNA extracts were analyzed with Droplet Digital™ Polymerase Chain Reaction using species-specific primers and an internal probe to amplify a 237-base pair fragment of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene in bull sharks. One water sample collected during the summer in the Alabama River met the criteria for a positive detection, thereby confirming the presence of bull shark DNA. While preliminary, this finding suggests that bull sharks use less urbanized, riverine habitats up to 120 km upriver during Alabama's dry summer season.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Martin JL, Santi I, Pitta P, John U, Gypens N (2022) Towards quantitative metabarcoding of eukaryotic plankton: an approach to improve 18S rRNA gene copy number bias. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e85794. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.85794
Supplementary Data 2
Supplementary material 1 from: Martin JL, Santi I, Pitta P, John U, Gypens N (2022) Towards quantitative metabarcoding of eukaryotic plankton: an approach to improve 18S rRNA gene copy number bias. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e85794. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.85794
Supplementary Data 1
Supplementary material 3 from: Martin JL, Santi I, Pitta P, John U, Gypens N (2022) Towards quantitative metabarcoding of eukaryotic plankton: an approach to improve 18S rRNA gene copy number bias. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e85794. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.85794
Supplementary Data 3
Supplementary material 4 from: Martin JL, Santi I, Pitta P, John U, Gypens N (2022) Towards quantitative metabarcoding of eukaryotic plankton: an approach to improve 18S rRNA gene copy number bias. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e85794. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.85794
Tables S1–S4, Figures S1–S4
Dataset for "Association between Amylase Alpha 1 Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Variation and Dental Caries Experience in Turkish Population"
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Copy of datadir for github repo
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
IO Islamic 306-311. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând's
<p>IO Islamic 306-311. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând’s</p>
IO Islamic 1118-1124. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând's
<p>IO Islamic 1118-1124. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând’s</p>
IO Islamic 373-378. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând's
<p>IO Islamic 373-378. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând’s</p>
IO Islamic 3290. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând's
<p>IO Islamic 3290. Rauḍat-alṣafa. A Complete Copy of Mîr-khwând’s</p>
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.