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FIGURE 17 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 17. Dorsal and ventral image of Chiloscyllium cf. arabicum from Chattogram (Male, TL= ~31 cm).

FIGURE 18 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 18. Dorsal and ventral and head region image of Iago cf. omanensis from Cox's Bazar (Female, TL= ~33 cm).

FIGURE 16 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 16. Dorsal and ventral image of Chiloscyllium hasseltii from Cox's Bazar (Female, TL= 31.24 cm).

FIGURE 10 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 10. Dorsal image of Pastinachus cf. gracilicaudus caught from southcentral Bangladesh (Pregnant female, DW= 83.82 cm).

FIGURE 5 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral image of Neotrygon cf. caeruleopunctata from Cox's Bazar (Female, DW= 30.48 cm).

FIGURE 1 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 1. Map: Bay of Bengal in North Indian Ocean (inset). Black hexagons: Study areas (landing sites: Chattogram fish landing site, Cox's Bazar BFDC fish landing site, Teknaf fish landing site and St. Martin's Island) in the southeast coastal Bangladesh.

FIGURE 12 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 12. Dorsal image of Urogymnus polylepis from Cox's Bazar and caught from Sundarbans (Male, DW= 185.42 cm).

FIGURE 8 in New records of elasmobranchs in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: further taxonomic research is essential

FIGURE 8. Dorsal image of Pastinachus solocirostris caught from southcentral Bangladesh (Male, DW= 71.12 cm).

FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium healyae n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–G. (B) Apex of scolex sparsely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches and densely packed capilliform filitriches. (C) Proximal surface of anterior loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Proximal surface of middle loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (E) Proximal surface of posterior loculus densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches. (G) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with large gladiate spinitriches interspersed with small gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 9. Line drawings of Zyxibothrium healyae n. sp. (A) Scolex (paratype, CR-76-1, NMNZ No. W.003931). (B) Detail of terminal genitalia (holotype, CR-75-2, NMNZ No. W.003930). (C) Whole worm (holotype, CR-75-2, NMNZ No. W.003930). (D) Mature proglottid (paratype, CR-75-1, LRP No. 9799).

FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium kamienae Hayden and Campbell 1981. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–H. (B) Apex of scolex densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (C) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Posterior region of scolex proper densely covered with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (E) Proximal bothridial surface away from locular margins densely covered with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Proximal surface of anterior loculus densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (G) Proximal surface of paired loculi densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (H) Proximal surface of posterior loculus densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches interspersed with acicular filitriches.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. (A) Scolex (paratype, SA-2-1, LRP No. 10947). (B) Mature subterminal proglottid (paratype, SA-16-1, USNM No. 1678892). (C) Detail of terminal genitalia (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343). (D) Gravid terminal proglottid (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343). (E) Whole worm (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343).

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of cocoons of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. showing variation in number of oncospheres. (A) Cocoon containing five oncospheres. (B) Cocoon containing six oncospheres.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses of the D1–D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene for species in Clade 1 of Caira et al. (2017) (green box). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Nodes with bootstrap values ≥ 90 and posterior probabilities ≥ 99 are indicated by black dots. Nodes with bootstrap values ≥ 70 and posterior probabilities ≥ 95 are indicated by grey dots. Taxon labels are presented as cestode and host names followed by host specimen number in parentheses, Lawrence R. Penner Parasitological Collection accession number for hologenophores, and GenBank accession number. Newly generated sequences are in boldface type.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Pentaloculum macrocephalum Alexander 1963. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–F. (B) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (C) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with large gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Proximal surface of anteriormost loculus densely covered with longtipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surfaces of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (F) Proximal surfaces of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium duffyi n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–G. (B) Apex of scolex densely covered with capilliform filitriches. (C) Proximal surface of anteriormost loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (D) Proximal surfaces of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surfaces of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (G) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches interspersed with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–H. (B) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (C) Apex of scolex covered with gladiate spinitriches and densely packed capilliform filitriches. (D) Scolex proper densely covered with gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surface of margin of anteriormost loculus densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (F) Proximal surfaces of margins of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (G) Proximal surfaces of margins of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (H) Proximal surfaces away from margins of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with short-tipped wide aristate gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.