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FIGURE 2 in A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar

FIGURE 2. Map of Madagascar showing localities of B. nofy sp. nov. and B. ramanantsoai (based on genotyped records and localities in Brygoo & Domergue 1975). The base map on the right shows vegetation across Madagascar from the Madagascar Vegetation Mapping Project (Moat & Smith 2007; available at https://web.archive.org/web/20180419112513/http://www. vegmad.org/). Vegetation is colored as follows: green, humid forest (rainforest); red, western dry deciduous forest; pink, mangroves; orange, spiny forest-thicket; greenish blue, western subhumid forest.

FIGURE 4 in A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar

FIGURE 4. Specimens of Brookesia ramanantsoai in life. A, female from Tsinjoarivo, ZSM 285/2010 (FGZC 4557), photographed 2010; B, male from Vohimana, ZSM 132/2016 (FGZC 5042) photographed 2015; C, female probably from the area around Mandraka, photographed 2000 (probably corresponding to ZSM 637/2000 or 638/2000).

FIGURE 1 in A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar

FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood trees of evolutionary relationships among members of the subgenus Evoluticauda within the genus Brookesia, inferred from the combined mitochondrial gene fragments of 16S and ND2 (1051 bp; upper tree) and the nuclear-encoded c-mos fragment (846 bp; lower tree). Values at nodes are support values in percent from a bootstrap analysis (500 replicates; not shown if <50%). The focal lineage from Ankanin'ny Nofy (B. nofy sp. nov.) and its sister species (B. ramanantsoai) are highlighted with purple and blue color, respectively. Brookesia brygooi was used as the outgroup.

FIGURE 3 in A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Specimens of Brookesia nofy sp. nov. in life. A–C, male holotype ZSM 30/2024 (ZCMV 13721); D, paratype UADBA-R-70860 (ZCMV 13722), probably a subadult male; E, mating/mate-guarding couple photographed in the wild.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Dataset from the paper: "A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar"

Original data from the description of a new species of ground chameleon (Brookesia nofy) from Madagascar. Package includes alignment, sequence files as used for phylogenetic analysis, table with sequence metadata, and screenshots of websites consulted.    Rakotoarison, A., A. F. Hasiniaina, F. Glaw & M. Vences (2024): A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar. – Zootaxa 5506: 533-547.

Figure 4 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species

Figure 4: Scatter diagrams based on a simple linear model (fluctuating asymmetry vs. vegetation cover), for four anatomical structures of Rhipidomys mastacalis three vegetation classes in Northeastern Brazil. The trend line is shown in black; the gray area represents the 95 % of confidence intervals.

Figure 1 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species

Figure 1: Map of Northeastern Brazil, showing the geographical location of the Rhipidomys mastacalis samples selected for this study.

Figure 3 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species

Figure 3: Box plot comparing the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Northeastern Brazil. (A) Skulls, (B) mandibles, (C) scapulae,and (D) pelvis. The horizontal lines outside the boxes represent the smallest and largest variance for each population, and the horizontal line inside each box represents the mean value.

Figure 2 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species

Figure 2: Anatomical structures (left and right), showing the location of morphological landmarks in a specimen of Rhipidomys mastacalis (CMARF–1701) from Brazil. (A) Occlusal view of skulls, (B) mandibles, (C) scapulae, and (D) pelvis.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Population signatures of large-scale, long-term disjunction and small-scale, short-term habitat fragmentation in an Afromontane forest bird

The Eastern Afromontane cloud forests occur as geographically distinct mountain exclaves. The conditions of these forests range from large to small and from fairly intact to strongly degraded. For this study, we sampled individuals of the forest bird species, the Montane White-eye Zosterops poliogaster from 16 sites and four mountain archipelagos. We analysed 12 polymorphic microsatellites and three phenotypic traits, and calculated Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to project past distributions and predict potential future range shifts under a scenario of climate warming. We found well-supported genetic and morphologic clusters corresponding to the mountain ranges where populations were sampled, with 43% of all alleles being restricted to single mountains. Our data suggest that large-scale and long-term geographic isolation on mountain islands caused genetically and morphologically distinct population clusters in Z. poliogaster. However, major genetic and biometric splits were not correlated to the geographic distances among populations. This heterogeneous pattern can be explained by past climatic shifts, as highlighted by our SDM projections. Anthropogenically fragmented populations showed lower genetic diversity and a lower mean body mass, possibly in response to suboptimal habitat conditions. On the basis of these findings and the results from our SDM analysis we predict further loss of genotypic and phenotypic uniqueness in the wake of climate change, due to the contraction of the species' climatic niche and subsequent decline in population size.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Impact of habitat fragmentation on the spatial structure of the Eastern Arc Forests in East Africa: implications for biodiversity conservation

The Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania and Kenya are one of 35 global biodiversity hotspots. The Eastern Arc forests are, as are many other tropical biodiversity hotspots, highly fragmented. Understanding the impact of habitat fragmentation (i.e., habitat loss and subdivision) on the spatial structure of the Eastern Arc forests is important because forest spatial structure highly influences species richness, persistence, and extinction debt. Here we examine the impact of habitat fragmentation on the spatial structure of the Eastern Arc forests at a patch scale using very high resolution aerial imagery having a spatial resolution of 0.5–1.5 m. Forest area across the 13 Eastern Arc Mountains is 405,852 ha and is distributed into 311 fragments ≥ 10 ha in size with a median fragment size of 84 ha. The 18 largest forest fragments in the Eastern Arc Mountains contain greater than three-quarters of total forest area. Average fragment isolation, as assessed by median distance to nearest fragment and median distance to the nearest larger fragment, is 867 and 1533 m, respectively. Of total forest area, 14% is < 100 m from the forest edge and 33% is < 300 m from the forest edge. Establishing forested linkages among the largest and closest forest fragments through forest regeneration and protection of secondary regenerating forest as well as providing protected area status to the remaining non-protected forest including unprotected smaller forest fragments are important to enhancing the long-term persistence of many plant and animal species here.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: A degradation debt? large-scale shifts in community composition and loss of biomass in a tropical forest fragment after 40 years of isolation

Habitat loss and fragmentation are among the biggest threats to tropical biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. We examined forest dynamics in a mid-elevation 365-ha fragment in southern Costa Rica. The fragment was isolated in the mid-1970s and belongs to the Las Cruces Biological Station. A 2.25-ha permanent plot was established in the center of the old-growth forest (>400 m to nearest edge boundary) and all plants >5 cm DBH were censused, mapped, and identified to species in two surveys taken ~5–6 years apart (>3,000 stems/survey). Although the reserve maintains high species richness (>200 spp.), with many rare species represented by only one individual, we document a strong shift in composition with a two-fold increase in the number of soft-wooded pioneer individuals. The dominant late-successional understory tree species, Chrysochlamys glauca (Clusiaceae), and most species in the Lauraceae, declined dramatically. Turnover was high: 22.9% of stems in the first survey were lost, and 27.8% of stems in the second survey represented new recruits. Mean tree diameter decreased significantly and there was a 10% decrease in overall biomass. Such alteration has been documented previously but only in smaller fragments or within ~100 m of an edge boundary. Further penetration into this fragment was perhaps driven by a progressive invasion of disturbance-adapted species into the fragment's core over time; the loss of once-dominant late successional species could be a contributing factor. The pattern found is of particular concern given that such fragments represent a substantial portion of today's remaining tropical habitat; further studies in similar-sized fragments that have been isolated for similar prolonged periods are called for.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Patterns and predictors of β-diversity in the fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest: a multiscale analysis of forest specialist and generalist birds

1. Biodiversity maintenance in human-altered landscapes (HALs) depends on the species turnover among localities, but the patterns and determinants of β-diversity in HALs are poorly known. In fact, declines, increases, and neutral shifts in β-diversity have all been documented, depending on the landscape, ecological group and spatial scale of analysis. 2. We shed some light on this controversy by assessing the patterns and predictors of bird β-diversity across multiple spatial scales considering forest specialist and habitat generalist bird assemblages. 3. We surveyed birds from 144 point counts in 36 different forest sites across two landscapes with different amount of forest cover in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. We analysed β-diversity among points, among sites, and between landscapes with multiplicative diversity partitioning of Hill numbers. We tested whether β-diversity among points was related to within-site variations in vegetation structure, and if β-diversity among sites was related to site location and/or to differences among sites in vegetation structure and landscape composition (i.e. percent forest and pasture cover surrounding each site). 4. β-diversity between landscapes was lower than among sites and among points in both bird assemblages. In forest specialist birds, the landscape with less forest cover showed the highest β-diversity among sites (bird differentiation among sites), but generalist birds showed the opposite pattern. At the local scale, however, the less forested landscape showed the lowest β-diversity among points (bird homogenisation within sites), independently of the bird assemblage. β-diversity among points was weakly related to vegetation structure, but higher β-diversity values were recorded among sites that were more isolated from each other, and among sites with higher differences in landscape composition, particularly in the less forested landscape. 5. Our findings indicate that patterns of bird β-diversity vary across scales and are strongly related to landscape composition. Bird assemblages are shaped by both environmental filtering and dispersal limitation, particularly in less forested landscapes. Conservation and management strategies should therefore prevent deforestation in this biodiversity hotspot.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation across European landscapes in three temperate forest herbs

Context. Evidence for effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the viability of temperate forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes is so far based on population genetic studies of single species in single landscapes. However, forest herbs differ in their life histories, and landscapes have different environments, structures and histories, making generalizations difficult. Objectives. We compare the response of three slow-colonizing forest herbs to habitat loss and fragmentation and set this in relation to differences in life-history traits, in particular their mating system and associated pollinators. Methods. We analysed the herbs' landscape-scale population genetic structure based on microsatellite markers from forest fragments across seven European agricultural landscapes. Results. All species responded to reductions in population size with a decrease in allelic richness and an increase in genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic differentiation also increased with enhanced spatial isolation. In addition, each species showed unique responses. Heterozygosity in the self-compatible Oxalis acetosella was reduced in smaller populations. The genetic diversity of Anemone nemorosa, whose main pollinators are less mobile, decreased with increasing spatial isolation, but not that of the bumblebee-pollinated Polygonatum multiflorum. Conclusions. Our study indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation compromises the long-term viability of slow-colonizing forest herbs despite their ability to persist for many decades by clonal propagation. The distinct responses of the three species studied within the same landscapes confirm the need of multi-species approaches. The mobility of associated pollinators should be considered an important determinant of forest herbs' sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation.

opennotspecifiedAug 2012View details →

Figure 2 in Soil oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) diversity and composition in semi-deciduous forest fragments in eastern Amazonia and comparison with the surrounding savanna matrix

Figure 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination in two dimensions of the oribatid mite community inhabiting 16 plots in savanna and 38 plots in forest fragments. Ordination was based on abundance data.

opennotspecifiedAug 2012View details →

Figure 1 in Soil oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) diversity and composition in semi-deciduous forest fragments in eastern Amazonia and comparison with the surrounding savanna matrix

Figure 1. Map showing the Alter do Chão region, Pará, Brazil. White represents savanna vegetation; dark grey represents forest fragments and the surrounding continuous forest; light grey in the left side of the figure represents the Tapajós River. Triangles represent the 16 plots in forest fragments; black squares represent 38 plots in savanna (modified from Vasconcelos and Vilhena 2006).

opennotspecifiedAug 2012View details →

Figure 3 in Soil oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) diversity and composition in semi-deciduous forest fragments in eastern Amazonia and comparison with the surrounding savanna matrix

Figure 3. Whittaker plot of oribatid mites collected in (A) forest fragments and (B) savanna vegetation, near the village of Alter do Chão, in the Brazilian state of Pará, Brazil. Species are organized in order of decreasing relative abundance.

opennotspecifiedMar 2011View details →

Figure 1 in Abundance and richness of small mammals in fragmented Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

Figure 1. Map of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, showing the distribution of fragments sampled in Santa Teresa region (SF, small-sized fragments; MF, medium-sized fragments; LF, large-sized fragments).

opennotspecifiedMar 2011View details →

Figure 3 in Abundance and richness of small mammals in fragmented Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Dendrogram based on a cluster analysis of abundance patterns of 19 species of small mammals sampled in eight study areas. Grouping method WPGMA and similarity index of morisita.