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Cross Lake Comparison at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Zooplankton Biomass Study 2006

This project investigates why zooplankton size, but not biomass, has been found to influence the phosphorus (TP) - chlorophyll a (chl a) relationship (Pace 1984, Carpenter et al. 1991, Carpenter et al. 2001).

Zooplankton of Small Lakes and Wetland Ponds in Wisconsin - North Temperate Lakes LTER 1996

We sampled zooplankton communities from 54 small water bodies distributed throughout Wisconsin to evaluate whether a snap-shot of zooplankton community structure during early spring could be used for the purpose of differentiating lakes from wetlands. We collected a single set of zooplankton and water chemistry data during a one-month time window (synchronized from south to north across the state) from an open water site in each basin as a means to minimize and standardize sampling effort and to minimize cascading effects arising from predator-prey interactions with resident and immigrant aquatic insect communities. We identified 53 taxa of zooplankton from 54 sites sampled across Wisconsin. There was an average of 6.83 taxa per site. The zooplankton species were distributed with a great deal of independence. We did not detect significant correlations between number of taxa and geographic region or waterbody size. There was a significant inverse correlation between number of taxa and the concentration of calcium ion, alkalinity and conductivity. One pair of taxa, Lynceus brachyurus and Chaoborus americanus, showed a significant difference in average duration of sites of their respective occurrence. All other pairs of taxa had no significant difference in average latitude, waterbody surface area, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, alkalinity, conductivity, calcium ion, sulfate, nitrate, silicate or chloride. Taxa were distributed at random among the sites - there were no statistically significant pairs of taxa occurring together or avoiding each other. Multivariate analysis of zooplankton associations showed no evidence of distinct associations that could be used to distinguish lakes from wetlands. Zooplankton community structure appears to be a poor tool for distinguishing between lakes and wetlands, especially at the relatively large scale of Wisconsin (dimension of about 500 km). The data suggest that a small body of water in Wisconsin could be classified

Zooplankton Communities of Restored Depressional Wetlands in Wisconsin - North Temperate Lakes LTER 1998

Wisconsin has lost approximately 2 million hectares of wetland since statehood (1848). Through the combined efforts of state and federal agencies and private groups focused primarily on wetland restoration for waterfowl habitat management or compensatory mitigation, a fairly substantial gain in wetland area has been achieved. Much of the wetland restoration effort in Wisconsin has occurred on formerly agricultural lands. However, due to the nature of the past disturbance and possible residual effects not corrected by simply returning surface waters to these lands, there is some question regarding the resultant wetland quality or biological integrity. In an effort aimed at developing tools to measure wetland gains in terms of quality or ecological integrity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) initiated a study of biological communities on restored wetlands in Wisconsin. We report on the community of microcrustaceans and arthropods that can be collected with a plankton net in open water in wetlands. We examined zooplankton community structure in restored wetlands in terms of richness, taxonomic representation, and Daphnia sexual reproduction and related these metrics to attributes on wetlands representing least-disturbed conditions and agriculturally impacted wetlands. We sampled 56 palustrine wetlands distributed across Wisconsin. These wetland sites were categorized as agricultural, least-impacted, and restored (recently withdrawn from agricultural usage). The wetlands were reasonably homogeneous in many ways, so that taxon richness was not correlated with basin origin, presence of adjacent roads, presence or absence of fish, water chemistry, or the size of the open water. We identified a total of 40 taxa.. We conclude that restoration of wetland watersheds works. Withdrawal of the watershed from agricultural usage is followed by an increase in taxon richness, and the sites resembled least-impacted sites in about 6-7 years. Dodson, S. I. and R. A.

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Total Particulate Matter - Madison Lakes Area 2000 - 2013

Total particulate matter is measured at one station in the deepest part of each lake at the top of the epilimnion for lakes Mendota, Monona, Fish and Wingra. Sampling Frequency: bi-weekly during ice-free season from late March or early April through early September, then every 4 weeks through late November; sampling is conducted usually once during the winter (depending on ice conditions). Number of sites: 4

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Meteorological and Dissolved Oxygen Data - Sparkling Bog North Buoy 2008 - 2012

The instrumented buoy on Sparkling Bog North is equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor, a thermistor chain, and meteorological sensors that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, and lake metabolism. Data are usually collected either at 1 minute or 10 minute intervals. The D-Opto dissolved oxygen sensor is 0.5m from the lake surface, thermistors are at the surface, at 0.25 m and at every .5 m from 0.5 m to 4.5 m, and meteorological sensors measure wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and air temperature. The buoy is also equipped with a CO2 monitor and a YSI AutoProfiler that measures several parameters including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, conductivity, pH, ORP, turbulence and chlorophyll-a. After correcting for flux to or from the atmosphere and vertical mixing within the water column, high frequency measurements of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen can be used to estimate gross primary productivity, respiration, and net ecosystem productivity, the basic components of whole lake metabolism. Sampling Frequency: varies for instantaneous sample. Generally 1 minute or 10 minutes. Number of sites: 1

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Water Temperature Data - Sparkling Bog North Buoy 2008 - 2012

The instrumented buoy on Sparkling Bog North is equipped with a thermistor chain that measures water temperature at the surface, at 0.25 m and at every .5 m from 0.5 m to 4.5 m. The buoy is also equipped with a dissolved oxygen sensor, meteorological sensors, a CO2 sensor and a YSI AutoProfiler that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, and lake metabolism. Prior to May 2009, data were collected at 1 minute or 10 minute intervals. Since May 2009, data are being collected each minute. Hourly and daily water temperature averages are computed from high resolution data. Hourly and daily values may not be current with high resolution data. In 2008, the instrumented buoy was deployed in Sparkling Bog North from March 24 to November 10. In 2009, the buoy was deployed on the ice on March 7 and was not removed for the winter of 2009 to 2010. Sampling Frequency: varies for instantaneous sample. Generally 1 minute or 10 minutes. Number of sites: 1

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency CO2 and YSI AutoProfiler Data - Sparkling Bog North Buoy 2008

The instrumented buoy on Sparkling Bog North is equipped with a CO2 monitor and a YSI AutoProfiler that measures several parameters including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, conductivity, pH, ORP, turbulence and chlorophyll-a. The buoy is also equipped with a thermistor chain and a D-OPTO dissolved oxygen sensor at depth .5 m as well as meteorological sensors that provide fundamental information on lake thermal structure, weather conditions, and lake metabolism. Data are usually collected either at 1 minute or 10 minute intervals. Sampling Frequency: varies for instantaneous sample. Generally 1 minute or 10 minutes. Number of sites: 1

Little Rock Lake - CWH Study at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Benthic Macroinvertebrates 2002 - 2004

Benthic invertebrates were collected as part of CWH (coarse woody habitat) study on Little Rock Lake in Vilas county, WI. Pre-manipulation sampling of the macroinvertebrate communities was conducted in the summer of 2002 before the CWH reduction and six times after the reduction, in early, mid, and late summer (May-August) of 2003 and 2004. We divided the shoreline of Little Rock Lake into 50 m sections and randomly chose five sections from each basin for each separate sampling of macroinvertebrates. We collected two benthos and two CWH macroinvertebrate samples at each section. We constructed a benthos sampler by connecting a SCUBA tank to a 7.6 cm PVC pipe with a hose attached 10 cm from one end of the pipe (Wahle and Steneck 1991; Roth et al. 2007). A 500 m Nitex mesh bag was place at the top end of the pipe furthest from the attached hose. Once the tank was turned on, a vacuum formed that sucked the benthos sample into the bag. We used a 0.09 m2 hoop to delineate the benthos sampling area. We sampled CWH using a self-contained, battery-powered aquatic vacuum with a 500 m Nitex mesh bag (Vander Zanden et al. 2006). Sampling lasted for 30 seconds. All samples were stored in 95% ethanol until processed. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Helmus M.R. and Sass G.G. (2008) The rapid effects of a whole-lake reduction of coarse woody debris on fish and benthic macroinvertebrates. Freshwater Biology, 53, 1423-1433 Number of sites: 44 Sampling Frequency: once pre-manipulation, 6 sampling regimes after reduction

Cross Lake Comparison at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Benthic Macroinvertebrates 2003

Benthic invertebrates were collected in 2003 as part of Coarse Woody Habitat (CWH) study on 10 Biocomplexity - Cross Lake Comparison lakes in Vilas County, WI. We chose five lakes with high density of houses and five lakes with a low density of houses based on the lakes and housing quintiles developed by Anna Marburg. In each lake, we chose three sites with no wood and three sites with high wood based on the CLC surveys. We took two benthos samples at each site and for the sites with CWH, we took two wood samples. Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Number of sites: 60 Sampling Frequency: once per site

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North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton - Trout Lake Area 1984 - 2006

Phytoplankton samples from the seven northern Wisconsin LTER lakes in the Trout Lake area (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes and bog lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog]) are collected six times per year at the deep hole sampling station at the same time as our other limnological sampling is conducted. We use a peristaltic pump and tubing, collecting a separate sample from the epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion for most of the lakes. For 27-2 Bog Lake, which is only 2m deep, we collect one 0-2m composite sample. The samples are preserved with Lugols iodine solution. We create a single hypsometrically pooled composite sample per lake from subsamples of the strata samples. The pooled samples are sent to PhycoTech, Inc., a private lab specializing in phytoplankton analysis, to be made into permanent slide mounts. The slide mounts, 3 slides per sample, are archived at the University of Wisconsin - Madison Zoology Museum Phytoplankton are identified to species using an inverted microscope (Utermohl technique) and are reported as natural unit (i.e., colonies, filaments, or single cells) densities per mL, cell densities per mL, and algal biovolume densities per mL. Multiple entries for the same species on the same date may be due to different variants or vegetative states - (e.g., colonial or attached vs. free cell.) Biovolumes for individual cells of each species are determined during the counting procedure by obtaining cell measurements needed to calculate volumes for geometric solids (e.g., cylinders, spheres, truncated cones) corresponding to actual cell shapes. Biovolume concentrations are then computed by mulitplying the average cell biovolume by the cell densities in the water sample. Note that one million cubicMicrometers of biovolume PerMilliliter of water are equal to a biovolume concentration of one cubicMillimeterPerMilliliter. Assuming a cell density equal to water, a cubicMillimeterPerMilliliter of biovolume conv

Lake Wingra Exclosure Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Sampledate Conditions 2005 - 2008

Starting in late summer 2005, Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources (WDNR), Dane County, Friends of Lake Wingra (FOLW), and NTL-LTER initiated a 3-year experiment in Lake Wingra to test the response of the native macrophyte community to clearer water produced from a major carp reduction program. This demonstration-scale experiment includes the construction of a 1.0-hectare rectangular carp exclosure with its solid vinyl walls extending from the lake shoreline to a water depth of 2.9 meters. NTL-LTER conducts the routine limnological monitoring of the lake and exclosure and is leading the science evaluation of potential lake restoration activities. The exclosure experiment was terminated in the fall of 2008. The exclosure was removed from Lake Wingra at that time. Sampling is done both within the exclosure and at a control site located nearby in the littoral zone. The sample location within the exclosure is equidistant from the side walls and approximately 75 meters from the shore in a water depth of approximately 2.5 meters. The control site sample location is approximately 75 meters west of the exclosure sample site at the same approximate distance from shore and water depth. Samples are taken at the same time and on the same schedule as the NTL-LTER limnological sampling on Lake Wingra, e.g., biweekly spring through summer, every 4 weeks in the fall, and once during the winter depending on ice conditions. Parameters measured within the exclosure and at the control site include water temperature, dissolved oxygen, secchi depth and chlorophyll-a. Additional parameters measured only within the exclosure include total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate + nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus and dissolved reactive silica. Auxiliary data collected while sampling for the exclosure experiment. Data include time of day, air temperature, cloud cover, wave height, bottom depth, wind speed and direction. Sampling Frequency: generally bi-we

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Nutrients 1996 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the nutrient chemistry of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved reactive phosphorus, bicarbonite-reactive filtered and unfiltered silica, dissolved reactive silica, total inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and total particulate matter. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Major Ions 1996 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the major ions of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and manganese Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Physical Limnology 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Parameters characterizing the physical limnology of the treatment (north basin, stations 1 and 3) and reference basin (south basin, station 2 and 4) are usually measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin (stations 1 and 2) at 0.5 to 1-m depth intervals depending on the parameter. Parameters measured at depth include water temperature, vertical penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and phaeopigments. Additional derived parameters include fraction of surface PAR at each depth and percent oxygen saturation. Auxiliary data include time of day, air temperature, cloud cover, and wind speed and direction and secchi depth. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 4

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Snow and Ice Depth 1984 - 2000

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Macrophyte Biomass in Trout Lake Summary 1983 - current

These data are collected to document and characterize the submersed macrophytes of Trout Lake, to evaluate the long-term stability of this component, and to interface with investigations of other compartments of the ecosystem. Four sites along the shoreline of Trout Lake have been sampled annually in August along permanent line transects. This dataset includes biomass per m2 for individual species summarized by depth along the transect. Derived data include the mean and standard deviation of macrophyte biomass. These data are useful in determining the annual variability of the submersed macrophytes and providing information on the effects of the invasion of an introduced crayfish. Sampling Frequency: annually during summer Number of sites: 4

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Secchi Disk Depth; Other Auxiliary Sample Data 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Secchi Disk data were collected from the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake at one station in the deepest part of each basin. Auxiliary data associated with each sampling event include time of day, air temperature, wind direction and speed, wave height, and cloud cover at the time of sampling. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Zooplankton count 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. Zooplankton samples are collected from the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake at at two to nine depths using a 30L Schindler Patalas trap (53um mesh). Zooplankton samples are preserved in buffered formalin and archived. Data are summed over sex and stage and integrated volumetrically over the water column to provide a lake-wide estimate of organisms per liter for each species. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

Little Rock Lake Experiment at North Temperate Lakes LTER: pH and Alkalinity 1983 - 2000

The Little Rock Acidification Experiment was a joint project involving the USEPA (Duluth Lab), University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, University of Wisconsin-Superior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Little Rock Lake is a bi-lobed lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. In 1983 the lake was divided in half by an impermeable curtain and from 1984-1989 the northern basin of the lake was acidified with sulfuric acid in three two-year stages. The target pHs for 1984-5, 1986-7, and 1988-9 were 5.7, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively. Starting in 1990 the lake was allowed to recover naturally with the curtain still in place. Data were collected through 2000. The main objective was to understand the population, community, and ecosystem responses to whole-lake acidification. Funding for this project was provided by the USEPA and NSF. pH and alkalinity of the treatment and reference basins of Little Rock Lake are measured at one station in the deepest part of each basin at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. During the course of the study, three different types of electrodes were used to measure pH. Sampling Frequency: varies - Number of sites: 2

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Northern Highlands Stream Chemistry Survey 2006

We compared regional patterns in lake and stream biogeochemistry in the Northern Highlands Lake District (NHLD), Wisconsin, USA to ask how regional biogeochemistry differs as a function of the type of ecosystem considered (i.e., lakes versus streams); if lake-stream comparisons reveal regional patterns and processes that are not apparent from studies of a single ecosystem type; and if characteristics of streams and lakes scale similarly.Â Fifty-two streams were sampled using a stratified random design to determine regional distribution of 21 water chemistry variables during summer baseflow conditions. Sampling Frequency: once per site Number of sites: 52