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995 results for “Life cycle”
Life-cycle complexity in helminths: What are the benefits?
<p>Parasitic worms (i.e. helminths) commonly infect multiple hosts in succession. With every transmission step, they risk not infecting the next host and thus dying before reproducing. Given this risk, what are the benefits of complex life cycles? Using a dataset for 973 species of trophically transmitted acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes, we tested whether hosts at the start of a life cycle increase transmission and whether hosts at the end of a life cycle enable growth to larger, more fecund sizes. Helminths with longer life cycles, i.e. more successive hosts, infected conspicuously smaller first hosts, slightly larger final hosts, and exploited trophic links with lower predator-prey mass ratios. Smaller first hosts likely facilitate transmission because of their higher abundance and because parasite propagules were the size of their normal food. Bigger definitive hosts likely increase fecundity because parasites grew larger in big hosts, particularly endotherms. Helminths with long life cycles attained larger adult sizes through later maturation, not faster growth. Our results indicate that complex helminth life cycles are ubiquitous because growth and reproduction are highest in large, endothermic hosts that are typically only accessible via small intermediate hosts, i.e. the best hosts for growth and transmission are not the same.</p>
Figure 14 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 14. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Immature bioluminescence. (A) Larva (dorsal); (B) pupa (ventral). Length: larva = 18 mm; pupa = 7 mm.
Figure 13 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 13. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Pupal habitus. (A) Dorsal; (B) lateral; (C) ventral. Scale bar: = 2 mm.
Figure 12 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 12. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Larval head morphology. (A) Head, dorsal; (B) maxillolabial complex, ventral; (C) epipharynx; (D) hypopharynx; (E) left antenna (ventral, dorsal); (F) mandible (ventral, dorsal). Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0.25 mm; E, F = 0.5 mm.
Figure 11 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 11. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Larval morphology. (A-C) Head (dorsal, lateral, ventral); (D) right anterior, middle and posterior legs (from top to bottom, ventral); (E) left laterotergites VI-VII; (F) abdominal terga VI-IX. Scale bars: A-C, E, F = 1 mm; D = 2 mm.
Figure 10 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 10. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Mature larval habitus. (A) Dorsal; (B) lateral; (C) ventral. Scale bar: = 2 mm.
Figure 7 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 7. Psilocladus costae sp. nov.Terminal segments and aedeagus of male. (A) SternumVIII; (B) pygidium; (C) syntergite; (D) sternum IX; (E-G) aedeagus (dorsal, lateral and ventral). Scale bar: = 1 mm.
Figure 9 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 9. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Adult female morphology. (A-E) Head; (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) frontal; (D) occipital; (E) lateral; (F) left antenna (dorsal); (G) sternum VIII; (H) pygidium; (I, J) ovipositor (dorsal, ventral), arrow indicates stylus. Scale bars: A-E = 1 mm; F-I = 2 mm.
Figure 5 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 5. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Thorax morphology of adult male. (A-E) Prothorax: (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) frontal; (D) posterior; (E) lateral; (F-I) pterothorax, (F) dorsal; (G) lateral; (H) dorsoventral. Scale bar: = 2 mm.
Figure 4 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 4. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Head morphology of adult male. (A-F) Head; (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) lateral; (D) frontal; (E) occipital; (F) posterior; (G) left antenna (dorsal). Scale bar: = 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 3. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Adult male habitus. (A) Dorsal; (B) lateral; (C) ventral. Scale bar: = 2 mm.
Figure 8 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 8. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Adult female habitus. (A) Dorsal; (B) ventral. Scale bar: = 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 2. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Live larvae. (A, B) Larva on bromeliad leaf blades (dorsal); (C) larva on a detached innermost leaf sheath of bromeliad rosette. Length of larva: 20 mm.
Figure 1 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 1. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Habitat at Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. (A) Legal reserve along deforested area; (B, C) canopy bromeliads; (D) fallen bromeliads Vriesea bituminosa.
Figure 6 in Morphology and life cycle of a new species of Psilocladus Blanchard, 1846 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Psilocladinae), the first known bromeliad-inhabiting firefly
Figure 6. Psilocladus costae sp. nov. Thoracic appendages of adult male. (A-C) Left legs, ventral (anterior, middle and posterior, respectively); (D-F) elytron (dorsal, lateral and ventral); (G) left wing. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Wolbachia-infected ant colonies have increased reproductive investment and an accelerated life cycle
<p><b><em>Wolbachia </em>is a widespread group of maternally-transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria that often manipulates the reproductive strategy and life history of its hosts to favor its own transmission. <em>Wolbachia </em></b><b>mediated phenotypic effects are well characterized in solitary hosts, although evidence of similar effects are rare in eusocial insects, such as ants. The invasive pharaoh ant, <em>Monomorium pharaonis</em>, shows natural variation in </b><b><em>Wolbachia </em></b><b>infection between colonies and can be readily bred under laboratory conditions. We previously showed that </b><b><em>Wolbachia</em></b><b>-infected pharaoh ant colonies had a queen-biased sex ratio, which is expected to favor the spread of maternally-transmitted </b><b><em>Wolbachia</em></b><b>. Here, we further characterize the effects of </b><b><em>Wolbachia </em></b><b>on the short- and longer-term reproductive and life history traits of pharaoh ant colonies. First we characterized reproductive differences between naturally infected and uninfected colonies at three discrete time points and found that infected colonies had higher reproductive investment (i.e. infected colonies produce more new queens), in particular when colony queens were three months old. Next, we compared the long-term growth and reproduction dynamics of infected and uninfected colonies across their whole life cycle. Infected colonies had increased colony-level growth and early colony reproduction, resulting in a shorter colony life cycle, when compared to uninfected colonies. </b></p>
Data from: Evidence for complex life cycle constraints on salamander body form diversification
Metazoans display a tremendous diversity of developmental patterns, including complex life cycles composed of morphologically disparate stages. In this regard, the evolution of life cycle complexity promotes phenotypic diversity. However, correlations between life cycle stages can constrain the evolution of some structures and functions. Despite the potential macroevolutionary consequences, few studies have tested the impacts of life cycle evolution on broad-scale patterns of trait diversification. Here we show that larval and adult salamanders with a simple, aquatic-only (paedomorphic) life cycle had an increased rate of vertebral column and body form diversification compared to lineages with a complex, aquatic-terrestrial (biphasic) life cycle. These differences in life cycle complexity explain the variations in vertebral number and adult body form better than larval ecology. In addition, we found that lineages with a simple terrestrial-only (direct developing) life cycle also had a higher rate of adult body form evolution than biphasic lineages, but still 10-fold lower than aquatic-only lineages. Our analyses demonstrate that prominent shifts in phenotypic evolution can follow long-term transitions in life cycle complexity, which may reflect underlying stage-dependent constraints.
Data from: Life cycle matters: DNA barcoding reveals contrasting community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes
Ferns are the only major lineage of vascular plants that have nutritionally independent sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) life stages. However, the implications of this unique life cycle for fern community ecology have rarely been considered. To compare patterns of community structure between fern sporophytes and gametophytes, we conducted a survey of the ferns of the islands of Moorea and Tahiti (French Polynesia). We first constructed a DNA barcode library (plastid rbcL and trnH–psbA) for the two island floras including 145 fern species. We then used these DNA barcodes to identify more than 1300 field-collected gametophytes from 25 plots spanning an elevational gradient from 200 to 2000 m. We found that species richness of fern sporophytes conforms to the well-known unimodal (i.e., mid-elevation peak) pattern, reaching a maximum at ca. 1000 – 1200 m. Moreover, we found that fern sporophyte communities become increasingly phylogenetically clustered at high elevations. In contrast, species richness of fern gametophytes was consistent across sites, and gametophytes showed no correlation of phylogenetic community structure with elevation. Turnover of sporophyte and gametophyte communities was closely linked with elevation at shallow phylogenetic levels, but not at deeper nodes in the tree. Finally, we found several species for which gametophytes had broader ranges than sporophytes, including a vittarioid fern with abundant gametophytes but extremely rare sporophytes. Our study highlights the importance of including diverse life history stages in surveys of community structure, and has implications for the possible impacts of climate change on the distribution of fern diversity.
A before/after intervention study to determine impact on life cycle carbon footprint of converting from single-use to reusable sharps containers in 40 United Kingdom NHS Trusts
<p>The purpose of this study was t<span>o compare Global Warming Potential (GWP) of hospitals converting from single-use to reusable sharps containers (SSC, RSC). Does conversion to RSC result in GWP reduction? </span><span>Using BS PAS 2050:2011 principles, a retrospective, before/after intervention quantitative model together with a purpose-designed, attributional "cradle-to-grave" life cycle tool, were used to determine the annual GHG emissions of the two sharps containment systems. Functional unit was total fill-line litres (FLL) of sharps containers needed to dispose of sharps for one-year period in 40 trusts. Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions were included. Results were workload-normalised using NHS national hospital patient-workload indicators. A sensitivity analysis examined areas of data variability.</span></p> <p><span><b>Setting</b>. Acute-care hospital trusts in United Kingdom.</span></p> <p><span><b>Participants</b>. 40 NHS hospital Trusts using RSC.</span></p> <p><span><b>Intervention</b>. <span>Conversion from SSC to RSC. SSC and RSC usage details in </span><span>17 base-line trusts immediately prior to 2018 were applied to the RSC usage details of the 40 trusts using RSC in 2019</span><span>.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>The comparison of GWP </span>calculated in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO<sub>2</sub>e)<span> generated in the manufacture, transport, service and disposal of</span> 12 months, hospital-wide usage of both containment systems in the 40 trusts. </span><span>The 40 trusts converting to RSC reduced their combined annual GWP by 3267.4 tonnes CO<sub>2</sub>e (-83.9%); eliminated incineration of 900.8 tonnes of plastic; eliminated disposal/recycling of 132.5 tonnes of cardboard; and reduced container exchanges by 61.1%. GHG as kg CO<sub>2</sub>e/1000 FLL were 313.0 and 50.7 for SSC and RSC systems respectively. A sensitivity analysis showed substantial GHG reductions within unit processes could be achieved, however their impact on relevant final GWP comparison varied <5% from base comparison.</span> Adopting RSC is an example of a sustainable purchasing decision that can assist trusts meet NHS GHG reduction targets and can reduce GWP permanently with minimal staff behaviour-change.</p>
Data set for "Cyclophospholipids enable a protocellular life cycle"
<p>Publication in ACS Nano can be found <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c07706">here</a>.</p><p>Toparlaka ÖD, Sebastianelli L, Egas Ortunoc V, Karkic M, Szostak JW, Krishnamurthy R, Mansy SS (2023) Cyclophospholipids enable a protocellular life cycle. ACS Nano 17, 23772–23783. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07706</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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