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480 results for “Lion”
Data from: Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition
1. Although interspecific competition plays a principle role in shaping species behaviour and demography, little is known about the population-level outcomes of competition between large carnivores, and the mechanisms that facilitate coexistence. 2. We conducted a multi-landscape analysis of two widely distributed, threatened large carnivore competitors to offer insight into coexistence strategies and assist with species-level conservation. 3. We evaluated how interference competition affects occupancy, temporal activity and population density of a dominant competitor, the lion (Panthera leo), and its subordinate competitor, the leopard (Panthera pardus). We collected camera-trap data over three years in ten study sites covering 5,070 km2. We used multispecies occupancy modelling to assess spatial responses in varying environmental and prey conditions and competitor presence, and examined temporal overlap and the relationship between lion and leopard densities across sites and years. 4. Results showed that both lion and leopard occupancy was independent of – rather than conditional on – their competitor's presence across all environmental covariates. Marginal occupancy probability for leopard was higher in areas with more bushy, 'hideable' habitat, human (tourist) activity and topographic ruggedness, whereas lion occupancy decreased with increasing hideable habitat and increased with higher abundance of very large prey. Temporal overlap was high between carnivores and there was no detectable relationship between species densities. 4. Lions pose a threat to the survival of individual leopards, but they exerted no tractable influence on leopard spatial or temporal dynamics. Furthermore, lions did not appear to suppress leopard populations, suggesting that intraguild competitors can coexist in the same areas without population decline. Aligned conservation strategies that promote functioning ecosystems, rather than target individual species, are therefore advised to achieve cost- and space-effective conservation.
Data from: Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations
While terrestrial megafaunal extinctions have been well characterized worldwide, our understanding of declines in marine megafauna remains limited. Here, we use ancient DNA analyses of prehistoric (<1450–1650 AD) sea lion specimens from New Zealand's isolated Chatham Islands to assess the demographic impacts of human settlement. These data suggest there was a large population of sea lions, unique to the Chatham Islands, at the time of Polynesian settlement. This distinct mitochondrial lineage became rapidly extinct within 200 years due to overhunting, paralleling the extirpation of a similarly large endemic mainland population. Whole mitogenomic analyses confirm substantial intraspecific diversity among prehistoric lineages. Demographic models suggest that even low harvest rates would likely have driven rapid extinction of these lineages. This study indicates that surviving Phocarctos populations are remnants of a once diverse and widespread sea lion assemblage, highlighting dramatic human impacts on endemic marine biodiversity. Our findings also suggest that Phocarctos bycatch in commercial fisheries may contribute to the ongoing population decline.
Data from: Natal and breeding philopatry of female Steller sea lions in southeastern Alaska
Information on drivers of dispersal is critical for wildlife conservation but is rare for long-lived marine mammal species with large geographic ranges. We fit multi-state mark-recapture models to resighting data of 369 known-aged Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) females marked as pups on their natal rookeries in southeastern Alaska from 1994-2005 and monitored from 2001-15. We estimated probabilities of females being first observed parous at their natal site (natal philopatry), and of not moving breeding sites among years (breeding philopatry) at large (> 400 km, all five rookeries in southeastern Alaska) and small (< 4 km, all islands within the largest rookery, Forrester Island Complex, F) spatial scales. At the rookery scale, natal philopatry was moderately high (0.776-0.859) for most rookeries and breeding philopatry was nearly 1, with < 3% of females switching breeding rookeries between years. At more populous islands at F, natal philopatry was 0.500-0.684 versus 0.295-0.437 at less populous islands, and breeding philopatry was 0.919-0.926 versus 0.604-0.858. At both spatial scales, the probability of pupping at a non-natal site increased with population size of, and declined with distance from, the destination site. Natal philopatry of < 1 would increase gene flow, improve population resilience, and promote population recovery after decline in a heterogeneous environment. Very high breeding philopatry suggests that familiarity with neighboring females and knowledge of the breeding site (the topography of pupping sites and nearby foraging locations) may be a critical component to reproductive strategies of sea lions.
Data from: Shifting niches of marine predators due to human exploitation: the diet of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) since the late Holocene as a case study
Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in archaeological and modern bone samples have been used to reconstruct the dietary changes of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens from the late Holocene to the present in the southwestern Atlantic. We sampled bones from archaeological sites in northern-central and southern Patagonia, Argentina, and bones housed in modern scientific collections. Additionally, we analyzed the stable isotope ratios in ancient and modern shells of intertidal molluscs to explore changes in the isotope baseline and allow comparison between bone samples from different periods after correction for baseline shifts. Results confirmed the trophic plasticity of the South American sea lion, demonstrated the much larger impact of modern exploitation of marine resources as compared with that of hunter-gatherers, and underscored the dissimilarity between the past and modern niches of exploited species. These conclusions are supported by the rather stable diet of South American sea lions during several millennia of aboriginal exploitation, in both northern-central and southern Patagonia, and the dramatic increase in trophic level observed during the twentieth century. The recent increase in trophic level might be related to the smaller population size resulting from modern sealing and the resulting reduced intraspecific competition. These results demonstrate how much can be learned about the ecology of modern species thanks to retrospective studies beyond the current, anthropogenically modified setting where ecosystem structure is totally different from that in the pristine environments where current species evolved.
Data from: Bayesian estimates of male and female African lion mortality for future use in population management
The global population size of African lions is plummeting, and many small fragmented populations face local extinction. Extinction risks are amplified through the common practice of trophy hunting for males, which makes setting sustainable hunting quotas a vital task. Various demographic models evaluate consequences of hunting on lion population growth. However, none of the models use unbiased estimates of male age-specific mortality because such estimates do not exist. Until now, estimating mortality from resighting records of marked males has been impossible due to the uncertain fates of disappeared individuals: dispersal or death. We develop a new method and infer mortality for male and female lions from two populations that are typical with respect to their experienced levels of human impact. We found that mortality of both sexes differed between the populations and that males had higher mortality across all ages in both populations. We discuss the role that different drivers of lion mortality may play in explaining these differences and whether their effects need to be included in lion demographic models. Synthesis and applications. Our mortality estimates can be used to improve lion population management and, in addition, the mortality model itself has potential applications in demographically informed approaches to the conservation of species with sex-biased dispersal.
Data from: Assessing the sustainability of African lion trophy hunting, with recommendations for policy
While trophy hunting provides revenue for conservation, it must be carefully managed to avoid negative population impacts, particularly for long-lived species with low natural mortality rates. Trophy hunting has had negative effects on lion populations throughout Africa, and the species serves as an important case study to consider the balance of costs and benefits, and to consider the effectiveness of alternative strategies to conserve exploited species. Age-restricted harvesting is widely recommended to mitigate negative effects of lion hunting, but this recommendation was based on a population model parameterized with data from a well-protected and growing lion population. Here, we used demographic data from lions subject to more typical conditions, including source–sink dynamics between a protected National Park and adjacent hunting areas in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, to develop a stochastic population projection model and evaluate alternative harvest scenarios. Hunting resulted in population declines over a 25-yr period for all continuous harvest strategies, with large declines for quotas >1 lion/concession (~0.5 lion/1,000 km2) and hunting of males younger than seven years. A strategy that combined periods of recovery, an age limit of ≥7 yr, and a maximum quota of ~0.5 lions shot/1,000 km2 yielded a risk of extirpation <10%. Our analysis incorporated the effects of human encroachment, poaching, and prey depletion on survival, but assumed that these problems will not increase, which is unlikely. These results suggest conservative management of lion trophy hunting with a combination of regulations. To implement sustainable trophy hunting while maintaining revenue for conservation of hunting areas, our results suggest that hunting fees must increase as a consequence of diminished supply. These findings are broadly applicable to hunted lion populations throughout Africa and to inform global efforts to conserve exploited carnivore populations.
Door handle with lion head Cathedral Trier
Door handle with lion's head on the High Cathedral Church of St. Peter in Trier, the oldest Episcopal church in Germany and the mother church of the Diocese of Trier. Türgriff mit Löwenkopf an der Hohen Domkirche St. Peter zu Trier, die älteste Bischofskirche Deutschlands und die Mutterkirche des Bistums Trier. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion
I created this sculpture with ReCap Photo by Autodesk Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
stone_chinese_lion_small
A stone lion guarding the door is very common in Chinese cities Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bronze Lion Foot, Mleiha, Sharjah.
Bronze Lion Foot, part of the Incense burner. Mleiha, Sharjah. 2nd century BCE. Sharjah, UAE. In storage at the Sharjah Archaeology Authority. . Catalog number unk. Processed in Reality Capture from 434 images. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion Paestum pointcloud
Created with micmac Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Nereid-monument-lion
BRITISH MUSEUM Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Amaravati Guardian Lion
A guardian lion carved in limestone ('Palnad marble'), mounted originally seated upright on the vedika railing at the one of the entrances to the pradakshinapatha. 2nd century BC. This sculpture was doubtless the model used for the illustration seen opp. p. 166 in 'Indian Fairy Tales', selected and edited by Joseph Jacobs with illustrations by John D Batten and published by David Nutt in 1892. Height: 105 centimetres Width: 32.5 centimetres Length: 60 centimetres (side) COL: [RRI1255](http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=179440&partId=1&place=41182&plaA=41182-2-11&page=1) Model by Daniel Pett, produced from 297 photographs taken in gallery using a Sony A6000 and assembled in Photoscan Pro. Copyright Trustees of the British Museum. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion Sculpture - Printable version
Lion sculpture in Musei Vaticani - Rome, Italy Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion roman marble sculpture (Évora)
Roman marble sculpture dated in the 2nd century AD which represents a lion of great dimensions. It is a sculpture that would have served as a fountain, leaving the water through the lion's mouth. It is currently preserved in the Frei Manuel do Cenáculo National Museum (Évora, Portugal). Catalog No. ME18344. ESPANCA, Túlio - "A Ermida de S. Braz", in A Cidade de Évora, nº3. Évora: Comissão Municipal de Turismo, Junho 1943, p. 80. 921 photos from Canon 5D Mk IV (35mm lens). Completely processed (aligned, scaled, modeled, cleaned, simplified, unwrapped, textured, meshed) in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 3. Miracarus grootaerti n in Description of a new species of cave mite, Miracarus grootaerti, and comparison with M. abeloosi, Lions, 1978 (Acari, Oribatida)
FIGURE 3. Miracarus grootaerti n. sp., female. (a) body, right side, partial, ventral. Plane of symmetry materialized by a line with dots and dashes. Genital valves removed. Leg I omitted. Femora II (FII) and III (FIII), and trochanter IV (RIV) not totally seen (for example, in FIII, only the stalk is depicted adaxially). Acetabula not represented except in the epimeron 2 where a portion of the cotyloid wall p.cot 2 is shown. The laterorostral carina lr as well as the carinae tu2 and tu3 (partially hatched) of the tutorium are not entirely seen. The anterior parietal carina kp is shown dorsally to its junction with the carina tu3 and ventrally to this junction where it is curved and reaches lr. The associated carina dorsally to tu3 is seen. Line proximal to bv'' in FII and line dorsal to the free border of the acetabular tectum II are lines of apparent outline. Muscle impressions on the epimera are delimited by a dotted line. The base of the half apodeme 2 ap.2 and of the sejugal half apodeme ap.sj, and the ventral tendinous apophysis β are hatched. 3, 9, as in Fig. 2a. Δ', anterior articular tooth at the base of the trochanter II. btg.a, anterior border of the circumgenital opening. pd I, pd II, free border of the pedotecta I and II, respectively. (b) left half sejugal apodeme seen in anterior view in a young animal, dorso-abaxial part omitted. Hatching covers an optical section of the tegument: in the pleural region, passing slightly anterior to the sejugal stigma (st), cut crosswise; and, in the ventral region, going through the sejugal border band (bo.sj) and the anterior part of the pedotectum II (pd II), both cut lengthwise. The free border of the rest of the pedotectum II is partially delineated. The proximal part of the epimeral seta 3c is shown by transparency through the cuticle of the pedotectum. (c) left pedipalp tarsus, partial, in dorsal projection. The plane of symmetry of the body is to the left. Solenidion ω totally hatched and optical, longitudinal section of the tegument of the segment incompletely hatched on the left and right sides (tegument not represented anteriorly). Only the dorsodistal setae are seen, i.e. the anteroculminal seta acmζ, the posterolateral seta lt'', and the posterior ultimal eupathidium ul''ζ.
FIGURE 1. Miracarus grootaerti n in Description of a new species of cave mite, Miracarus grootaerti, and comparison with M. abeloosi, Lions, 1978 (Acari, Oribatida)
FIGURE 1. Miracarus grootaerti n. sp., female. Dorsal. Individual half contracted. The legs are omitted except on the left side the femur (FI) and genu I, which are incompletely shown. In the prodorsum, only ridges on the dorsal side on the left lamella and on the adjacent part of the dorsovertex are depicted whereas ridges and striae on the ventral side of the right lamella and on the adjacent part of the large groove gr ventral to the lamellae are seen by transparency through the cuticle. On both sides, over a short distance, a broken line near the free border of the lamellae marks the base of the carina tu2. Some ridges are shown on the inferior wall of the pedotecta I. On the right side, the large carina ku is represented by an optical, cross-section on a level with the apparent outline of the superior wall of the pedotectum I whereas it is not detected on the left side (this frequently occurs on one side in this orientation revealing that the carinae ku have not the same length on both sides). Muscle impressions in the median region of the dorsovertex are delimited by dotted lines. Hatching cover: partially an optical, longitudinal section through the tegument of the bottom of the groove gr on the left side (seen through the cuticle of the dorsovertex and of the notogaster on both sides); an optical, cross-section through the upper part of the bothridium on the left side (on both sides shown mainly through the cuticle of the notogaster); and the anterior part of the posterolateral carina kx on the right side. A dotted line delimits muscle insertions: anterodorsal mu.a, latero-dorsal mu.l, and mu.cd of the marginodorsal alignment. Arrows indicate the location of three lyrifissures not visible in this orientation. An optical, longitudinal section of the wall of the large sejugal depression of the podosoma is partially hatched on the right side (on both sides, the section is seen through the cuticle of the notogaster and goes through the base of the pleurophragma hl which is also shown slightly dorsally to the section; posterior part of the wall and cuticular nodules not represented; the section is not perfectly perpendicular to the wall so that the thickness of the wall appears to be broader than it really is).
FIGURE 4. Miracarus grootaerti n in Description of a new species of cave mite, Miracarus grootaerti, and comparison with M. abeloosi, Lions, 1978 (Acari, Oribatida)
FIGURE 4. Miracarus grootaerti n. sp., female. (a) right laterodorsal lobe of a vulva extruded by heating in lactic acid and shown in lateral projection; gnathosoma to the right. Folds of the external wall of the vulva dorsally to the lobe incompletely represented. The distal fringe is made of excrescences prolonging the protruding part of the folds; the excrescences are seen more or less in front view except the one to the left which is shown more laterally. Hatching overlays the thickness of the tegument in sclerified zones seen in optical, longitudinal section. (b) genital papilla Va shown in its fullest length and according to an undetermined orientation. Optical, longitudinal section of the tegument of the papilla hatched. The sheath of the papilla is represented by its two lines of apparent outline, and the papilla is depicted as if the sheat is lacking. Additional observations are required to confirm that the sheath is not attached to the rim of the papilla but more distally and to verify whether the transverse and slightly sinuous line corresponds either to the line of attachment of the sheath or to a thin ridge extending onto the surface of the papilla.
Lion at the park
Lion, locate at the Royal park in Brussels (Belgium) made in stone. Made with CapturingReality. For more updates, please consider to follow me on Twitter at @GeoffreyMarchal. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion head - ceramic basement
Photoscanned ceramic lion head Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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