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FIGURE 6 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 6 | Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 160251, 248 mm LEA, Río Guariquito at confluence of Río Orinoco, Bolívar, Venezuela.

FIGURE 13 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 13 | Rhamphichthys drepanium, FMNH 102111, LEA not measured, Río Suripa between pumping station of Hato Mercedes and mouth in Río Anaro, Barinas, Venezuela.

FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 1 | Early drawings of Rhamphichthys species. A. Seba's (1759) illustration of Rhamphichthys, later named by Linnaeus as Gymnotus rostratus (1766). B. Rhamphichthys marmoratus holotype from Castelnau (1855). C. Rhamphichthys rostratus from Bloch, Scheneider (1801), same specimen latter named as R. blochi by Kaup (1855). D. Rhamphichthys pantherinus holotype from Castelnau (1855). Drawings taken from the original publications and slightly modified to a clear white background.

FIGURE 5 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 5 | Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 166484, 390 mm LEA, Laguna Mamo at Nuevo Mamo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela.

FIGURE 9 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 9 | Holotype of Rhamphichthys drepanium, MZUSP 6893, 372 mm LEA, lago Janauari at confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil.

FIGURE 12 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 12 | Detail of the head of Rhamphichthys drepanium, INPA 17682, 375 mm LEA, confluence of rio Negro and rio Solimões at Costa do Catalão, Amazonas, Brazil.

FIGURE 7 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 7 | Coloration pattern of the lateral portion of body at about midlenght of LEA in Rhamphichthys. A. Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 162300, 390 mm LEA. B. Rhamphichthys drepanium from Orinoco Basin, ANSP 181071, 320 mm LEA. C. Rhamphichthys drepanium, INPA 17682, 375 mm LEA. D. Rhamphichthys hahni, MZUSP 59297, 355 mm LEA. E. Rhamphichthys lineatus, MCP 26374, 340 mm LEA. F. Rhamphichhtys pantherinus, MCP 24814, 405 mm LEA. G. Rhamphichthys rostratus, ANSP 187120, 520 mm LEA. H. Rhamphichthys heleios, INPA 42308, 335 mm LEA. Anterior portion towards left.

FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 4 | Rhamphichthys apurensis, ANSP 166484, 390 mm LEA, Laguna Mamo at Nuevo Mamo, Anzoátegui, Venezuela.

FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic review of the Neotropical electric fish Rhamphichthys (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae)

FIGURE 3 | Scatter plots of principal component scores of 10 measurements. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC1 vs. PC3. All seven species of Rhamphichthys: red = R. apurensis; blue R. drepanium; pink = R. hahni; yellow = R. heleios; pale green = R. lineatus; brown = R. pantherinus; and grey = R. rostratus. Grey circles in B represent the three putative morpho groups (G 1–3).

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FIGURE 3 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 3 | Representation of significant associations (p <0.05) identified by the fourth-corner method in the factorial map of the RLQ analysis. Red denotes a positive relationship between morphological traits and environmental variables, blue indicates a negative relationship, and grey represents nonsignificant relationships. Codes: Cond: Conductivity, Rock: Rocky substrate, Woody: Woody debris, Turb: Turbidity, Backw: Backwater, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, Temp: Temperature. See acronyms for the morphological traits in Tab. S3.

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FIGURE 1 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 1 | Study area. Location of sampling sites according with land use covers: S1 -Manoel Gomes, S2 - Pedregulho, S3 - Arquimedes, S4 - Bom Retiro, S5 - Rio da Paz, S6 - Nene, S7 - Cascavel, S8 - Afluente do Quati, and S9 - Quati.

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FIGURE 2 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 2 | Relationship between morphological traits and environmental variables of the first two axes of the RLQ of the species along the lower Iguaçu River. The figures of the fish were added to illustrate the species. Codes: Woody: Woddy debris, Cond: Conductivity, Rocky: Rocky substrate, Turb: Turbidity, Backw: Backwater, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, Temp: Temperature, Anc: Ancystrus sp., Syn: Synbranchus sp., Hyp: Hypostomus sp., Hep: Heptapterus sp., Cam: Cambeva sp., Cor: Corydoras sp., Rha: Rhamdia sp., Geo: Geophagus sp., Ast: Astyanax sp., Psa: Psalidodon sp., Bry: Bryconamericus sp., Gym: Gymnotus sp., Hop: Hoplias sp., Pha: Phalloceros sp., Poe: Poecilia sp.

Fig. 46. Brachyhypopomus walteri. a. MCP 45291 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 46. Brachyhypopomus walteri. a. MCP 45291 (WC16.180598), female, 145 mm TL (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MCP 45292 (WC05.190598), male, 168 mm TL (body in lateral view); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length. Specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5mm.

Fig. 45. Brachyhypopomus verdii. a in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 45. Brachyhypopomus verdii. a. UF 148520 (WC24.090104), paratype, male, 106 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MUSM 35307 (WC06.160104), holotype, female, 79 mm TL (body in lateral view). Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 42 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 42. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus regani (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 41. Brachyhypopomus regani. MCP 47022 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 41. Brachyhypopomus regani. MCP 47022 (WC04.140301), holotype, female, 128 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note prominent opercular accessory electric organ (pale structure). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 43. Brachyhypopomus sullivani. MUSM 39624 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 43. Brachyhypopomus sullivani. MUSM 39624 (WC48.210709), holotype, female, 108 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 40. Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi. MBUCV-V 35650 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 40. Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi. MBUCV-V 35650, holotype, immature, 87 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Venezuela, río Orinoco, Orinoco dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 39 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 39. Collection records for Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (circles) and B. verdii (squares). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see Fig. 2 for legend).

Fig. 35. Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. a. NRM 27736 in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species

Fig. 35. Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. a. NRM 27736, immature, 131 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Colombia, rio Baudó dr. b. BMNH 2012.6.13.1, largest syntype specimen, sex not determined, 147 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen preserved in EtOH, note damage and subsequent regeneration to caudal filament); Colombia, río San Juan dr. c. IAVHP 7022 (WC04.230905), male, 162 mm TL. d. IAvHP 7022 (WC03.230905), female, 112 mm TL, non-type (bodies in lateral view, live individuals); Colombia, río Atrato dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height in c (male) & d (female). Scale bars = 5 mm.