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Fig. 2 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 2. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) ammonite biostratigraphy of the U.S. Western Interior showing the zones of Baculites compressus and B. cuneatus (Cobban et al., 2006). The absolute ages are derived from 40Ar/39Ar analyses of bentonites containing sanidines. In North America, the Campanian is divided into three parts. The Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary is currently placed in the middle of the B. eliasi Zone, based on recent work in Tercis, France, and the Vistula River Valley, Poland (Remin, 2009).
Fig. 1 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 1. Map of the upper Campanian Baculites compressus Zone showing the shoreline along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. The shoreline is dashed, for example, in eastern Wyoming, because of a lack of data. The dots indicate localities of B. compressus. Numbers refer to USGS Mesozoic localities, as listed below, except for locality 1 (Geological Survey of Canada). See appendix 1 for a description of localities. 1. GSC C-186877 (Jerzykiewicz, 1996); 2. D4129–32; 3. D4125–27; 4. D4120; 5. 7325, D2553, D3634; 6. 9866; 7. 23990; 8. 24178; 9. D3819, D3820; 10. D3827; 11. D6854; 12. 4710, 6037; 13. D3624; 14. D3083; 15. D490; 16. D4138; 17. D764; 18. D76; 19. D3595, D3599; 20. D4209; 21. 21577, D5659; 22. D782; 23. D780; 24. D2632, D2633; 25. D3575; 26. D3578; 27. 21224; 28. D3443; 29. 23057; 30. D1055; 31. D4994; 32. D1598, D2393; 33. D3074; 34. D1594, 23072; 35. D13708; 36. D2618; 37. D213; 38. D1661; 39. D1657; 40. D13791; 41. D4968; 42. D13507; 43. D13508; 44. D4965; 45. D4101; 46. D8782; 47. D5037; 48. D8378; 49. D9637, D9640; 50. D9677; 51. D5991; 52. D1351; 53. D8089; 54. D4497; 55. D8068; 56. D2723; 57. D2941; 58. D337; 59. D40; 60. D271, D280; 61. D8004; 62. D8874; 63. D1080; 64. D615; 65. D440.
Fig. 36 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 36. Percentage increase in lengths of the bones of the fore- and hindlimb of Borocyon niobrarensis and B. robustum relative to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (CM 1589). Bars indicate the mean and range where more than one individual was available.
Fig. 26 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 26. Restoration of the Borocyon robustum forefoot illustrating the interosseous muscle supporting each paraxonic metacarpal-phalangeal joint, the short middle phalanges, elongate unguals, and presumed dense fibrous metacarpal and digital pads.
Fig. 35 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 35. Relative proportions (in %) of lengths of paraxonic (A) metatarsal 3 to metacarpal 3 and (B) metatarsal 4 to metacarpal 4 for species of Borocyon and Daphoenodon superbus compared with living canids, felids, ursids, and hyaenids. Species farthest to the right show the greatest disproportion between lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals, and therefore a hindfoot longer than the forefoot. Numbers within black bars indicate sample size.
Fig. 32 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 32. Comparison of calcanea of Amphicyon galushai (A) and Borocyon robustum (B, male; C, female). Digitigrade calcanea of B. robustum are more slender and distally narrower than Amphicyon calcanea. Cuboids of A. galushai (D, F) and B. robustum (E, G), anterior and medial views: a, calcaneal articular surface; b, ectocuneiform and c, navicular facets.
Fig. 29 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 29. Muscle scar pattern (cross-hatched area) of the posterior tibial (TP) and long digital flexor (FDL) muscles on the posterior surface of the right tibia in B. robustum and B. niobrarensis relative to the scar patterns in large living Carnivora. a, Ursus americanus; b, Panthera tigris; c, Borocyon robustum; d, Borocyon niobrarensis; e, Acinonyx jubatus; f, Canis lupus.
Fig. 25 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.
Fig. 22 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.
Fig. 39 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum
Fig. 19 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 19. Ratio (in %) of length of (A) radius/humerus and (B) tibia/femur for species of Borocyon relative to living canids, felids, and ursids and some additional amphicyonids. Species farthest to right show greatest elongation of the distal fore- or hindlimb segments. Numbers within or adjacent to black bars indicate sample size.
Fig. 18 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.
Fig. 16 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ''folded'' M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.
Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 15. Elongate metacarpals 4 and 5 of (A) Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 68242) from Standing Rock Quarry and (B) B. robustum (F:AM 68254) from Blick Quarry, Sandoval Co., New Mexico, demonstrating that the Borocyon lineage persisted in the southwestern United States from latest Arikareean into the early Hemingfordian. The only Hemingfordian record of Borocyon in the Southwest are these two metacarpals from Blick Quarry.
Fig. 12 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 12. Holotype cranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view. This is the only known cranium and is an old adult with worn teeth: P1–P4, M1–M3. Although reduced in size, an M3 persists in this species.
Fig. 13 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 13. Basicranium of Borocyon neomexicanus (F:AM 49239), Standing Rock Quarry, Zia Sand Fm., Sandoval Co., New Mexico. A, Right auditory region; B, left auditory region. Despite crushing, the auditory bulla and surrounding basicranium are anatomically similar to the bulla and basicranium of Daphoenodon superbus. The bulla of the Standing Rock amphicyonid is a thin-walled, flask-shaped, single chamber, as is the rudimentary auditory bulla of D. superbus.
Fig. 11 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 11. Associated holotype right forelimb of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis (ACM 3452), Aletomeryx Quarry, Cherry Co., Nebraska.
Fig. 10 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 10. Holotype right mandible of Borocyon niobrarensis Loomis with c, p1–p4, and m1–m3 from Aletomeryx Quarry, lower Runningwater Fm., Cherry Co., Nebraska (ACM 3452).
Fig. 7 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 7. Comparison of dentitions of Borocyon robustum (A, B) and B. neomexicanus (C–E), end member species of the Borocyon lineage. A, UNSM 25547, P2, P4–M2, alveoli for C, P1, P3; B, UNSM 25684, c, p1–p4, m1–m3; C, F:AM 49241, juvenile, p2, p4–m3; D, F:AM 49239, P1–P4, M1–M3; E, F:AM 49239, c, p1–p4, m1, m3, alveoli of m2.
Fig. 38 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America
Fig. 38. Mandibular symphyses of (A) Borocyon robustum, (B) Ursus americanus, and (C) Canis lupus, in medial view, showing the symphyseal plate. Dashed line encloses the smooth bone for attachment of the subrectangular fibrocartilage pad (fc) in the wolf, which is inferred for Borocyon robustum. The symphyses of Borocyon and the wolf are considered to be flexible. The rugose, bony interdigitations of B. robustum symphyseal
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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