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1,108 results for “Parasitoid wasps”
FIGURE 4 in Systematics of the parasitoid wasp genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Aulacidae) from Australia
FIGURE 4. Aulacus aquilus sp. nov., holotype female, (A) dorsal habitus; (B) lateral habitus; (C) dorsal head; (D) lateral head; (E) lateral mesoscutellum; (F) dorsal hind coxae.
FIGURE 3 in Systematics of the parasitoid wasp genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Aulacidae) from Australia
FIGURE 3. Aulacus anici sp. nov., holotype female, (A) dorsal habitus; (B) lateral habitus; (C) lateral head and mesosoma; (D) dorsal hind coxa.
FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the parasitoid wasp genus Aulacus Jurine (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Aulacidae) from Australia
FIGURE 2. Aulacus albimanus (Kieffer), holotype female, (A) dorsal habitus; (B) lateral habitus; (C) dorsal head; (D) lateral head; (E) lateral mesosoma; (F) inner side right hind coxa.
Data from: Reprograming of epigenetic mechanisms controlling host insect immunity and development in response to egg-laying by a parasitoid wasp
<p>Parasitoids are insects that use other insects as hosts. They sabotage host cellular and humoral defenses to promote the survival of their offspring by injecting viruses and venoms along with their eggs. Many pathogens and parasites disrupt host epigenetic mechanisms to overcome immune system defenses, and we hypothesized that parasitoids may utilize the same strategy. We used the ichneumon wasp Pimpla turionellae as a model idiobiont parasitoid to test this hypothesis, with pupae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as the host. We found that parasitoid infestation involves the suppression of host immunity-related effector genes and the modulation of host genes involved in developmental hormone signaling. The transcriptional reprogramming of host genes following the injection of parasitoid eggs was associated with changes in host epigenetic mechanisms. The introduction of parasitoids resulted in a transient decrease in host global DNA methylation and the modulation of acetylation ratios for specific histones. Genes encoding regulators of histone acetylation and deacetylation were mostly downregulated in the parasitized pupae, suggesting that parasitoids can suppress host transcription. We also detected a strong parasitoid-specific effect on host microRNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that parasitoids may favor the survival of their offspring by interfering with host epigenetic mechanisms to suppress the immune system and disrupt development.</p>
Data from: Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds, fruit flies, parasitoid wasps, and seed-dispersing ants
Every organism on Earth must cope with a multitude of species interactions both directly and indirectly throughout its life cycle. However, how selection from multiple species occupying different trophic levels affects diffuse mutualisms has received little attention. As a result, how a given species amalgamates the combined effects of selection from multiple mutualists and antagonists to enhance its own fitness remains little understood. We investigated how multispecies interactions (frugivorous birds, ants, fruit flies, and parasitoid wasps) generate selection on fruit display traits in a seed dispersal mutualism. We used structural equation models to assess whether seed dispersers (frugivorous birds and ants) exerted phenotypic selection on fruit and seed traits in the Spiny Hackberry (Celtis ehrenbergiana), a fleshy-fruited tree, and how these selection regimes were influenced by fruit fly infestation and wasp parasitoidism levels. Birds exerted negative correlational selection on the combination of fruit crop size and mean seed weight, favoring either large crops with small seeds or small crops with large seeds. Parasitoids selected plants with higher fruit fly infestation levels, and fruit flies exerted positive directional selection on fruit size, which was positively correlated with seed weight. Therefore, higher parasitoidism indirectly correlated with higher plant fitness through increased bird fruit removal. In addition, ants exerted negative directional selection on mean seed weight. Our results show that strong selection on phenotypic traits may still arise in perceived diffuse species interactions. Overall, we emphasize the need to consider diverse direct and indirect partners to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms driving phenotypic trait evolution in multispecies interactions.
Cardinium localization during its parasitoid wasp host's development provides insights into cytoplasmic incompatibility
<p>Arthropods harbor heritable intracellular symbionts that may manipulate host reproduction to favor symbiont transmission. In cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), the symbiont sabotages the reproduction of infected males such that high levels of offspring mortality result when they mate with uninfected females. In crosses with infected males and infected females, however, (the "rescue" cross), normal numbers of offspring are produced. A common CI-inducing symbiont, <i>Cardinium hertigii</i>, causes variable levels of CI mortality in the parasitoid wasp, <i>Encarsia</i> <i>suzannae. </i>Previous work correlated CI-induced mortality with male development time in this system, although the timing of <i>Cardinium</i> CI-induction and the relationship between development time and CI mortality was not well understood. Here, using a combination of crosses, manipulation of development time, and fluorescence microscopy, we identify the localization and the timing of the CI-induction step in the <i>Cardinium-E. suzannae </i>system. Antibiotic treatment of adult <i>Cardinium-</i>infected males did not reduce the mortality associated with the CI phenotype, suggesting that CI-alteration occurs prior to adulthood. Our results suggest that the alteration step occurs during the pupal period, and is limited by the duration of pupal development: 1) <i>Encarsia </i>produces most sperm prior to adulthood, 2), FISH localization of <i>Cardinium </i>in testes showed an association with sperm nuclei throughout spermatogenesis but not with mature sperm and 3) two methods of prolonging the pupal period (cool temperatures and the juvenile hormone analog methoprene) both caused greater CI mortality, suggesting the degree of alteration is limited by the duration of the pupal stage. Based on these results, we compare two models for potential mechanisms of <i>Cardinium</i> sperm modification in the context of what is known about analogous mechanisms of <i>Wolbachia, </i>a more extensively studied CI-inducing symbiont.</p>
Data from: Intragenomic ITS2 variation in a genus of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): implications for accurate species delimitation and phylogenetic analysis
A recent DNA barcoding study of Australian microgastrines (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) sought to use next generation sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) barcoding gene region, the wingless (WG) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to delimit molecular species in a highly diverse group of parasitic wasps. Large intragenomic distances between ITS2 variants, often larger than the average interspecific variation, caused difficulties in using ITS2 for species delimitation in both threshold and tree‐based approaches, and the gene was not included in the reported results of the previous DNA barcoding study. We here report on the intragenomic, and the intra‐ and interspecies, variation in ITS2 in the microgastrine genus Diolcogaster to further investigate the value of ITS2 as a marker for species delimitation and phylogenetics of the Microgastrinae. Distinctive intragenomic variant patterns were found in different species of Diolcogaster, with some species possessing a single major variant, and others possessing many divergent variants. Characterising intragenomic variation of ITS2 is critical as it is a widely used marker in hymenopteran phylogenetics and species delimitation, and large intragenomic distances such as those found in this study may obscure phylogenetic signal.
Data from: Strong dispersal in a parasitoid wasp overwhelms habitat fragmentation and host population dynamics
The population dynamics of a parasite depend on species traits, host dynamics, and the environment. Those dynamics are reflected in the genetic structure of the population. Habitat fragmentation has a greater impact on parasites than on their hosts because resource distribution is increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels. This could lead to either more or less genetic structure than the host, depending on the relative dispersal rates of species. We examined the spatial genetic structure of the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter horticola, and how it was influenced by dispersal, host population dynamics, and habitat fragmentation. The host, the Glanville fritillary butterfly, lives as a metapopulation in a fragmented landscape in the Åland islands, Finland. We collected wasps throughout the 50 by 70 km archipelago and determined the genetic diversity, spatial population structure, and genetic differentiation using 14 neutral DNA microsatellite loci. We compared genetic structure of the wasp with that of the host butterfly using published genetic data collected over the shared landscape. Using maternity assignment, we also identified full-siblings among the sampled parasitoids to estimate the dispersal range of individual females. We found that, because the parasitoid is dispersive, it has low genetic structure, is not very sensitive to habitat fragmentation, and has less spatial genetic structure than its butterfly host. The wasp is sensitive to regional rather than local host dynamics, and there is a geographic mosaic landscape for antagonistic coevolution of host resistance and parasite virulence.
Data from: Let the most motivated win: resource value components affect contest outcome in a parasitoid wasp
Studying physical contests for indivisible resources is a major theme in behavioral ecology. Intensity (aggressiveness) and outcome of such contests may be influenced by individual abilities to gain and keep the resource (Resource Holding Potential, RHP), but also by the value they place in the resource (Resource Value, RV). Contestants can assess resource quality directly (objective RV) or estimate it according to their physiological status and their experience (subjective RV). In some parasitoid species, adult females fight for hosts on which they lay eggs and feed. Here, we studied contests between two females of the solitary parasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti when exploiting simultaneously a host: a fourth instar larva or a pupa of the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We first demonstrated that fourth instar larvae represent a resource of higher objective RV because offspring that developed on such hosts were heavier. We then showed that both objective (host quality) and subjective (initial egg load and habitat quality) RV did not influence oviposition decisions, but interacted to affect aggressiveness and contests outcome. Females won more frequently when they had more mature eggs than their opponent, but this effect was less pronounced when fighting for a high quality host. In addition, females from high-quality habitat were more aggressive and more frequently won contests over low quality hosts, while females from low quality habitat were more aggressive and more frequently won contests over high quality hosts. This experiment thus highlights the complex relationships existing between key factors that affect animals' conflict resolution.
Data from: Forest restoration and parasitoid wasp communities in montane Hawai'i
Globally, most restoration efforts focus on re-creating the physical structure (flora or physical features) of a target ecosystem with the assumption that other ecosystem components will follow. Here we investigate that assumption by documenting biogeographical patterns in an important invertebrate taxon, the parasitoid wasp family Ichneumonidae, in a recently reforested Hawaiian landscape. Specifically, we test the influence of (1) planting configurations (corridors versus patches), (2) vegetation age, (3) distance from mature native forest, (4) surrounding tree cover, and (5) plant community composition on ichneumonid richness, abundance, and composition. We sampled over 7,000 wasps, 96.5% of which were not native to Hawai'i. We found greater relative richness and abundance of ichneumonids, and substantially different communities, in restored areas compared to mature forest and abandoned pasturelands. Non-native ichneumonids drive these differences; restored areas and native forest did not differ in native ichneumonid abundance. Among restored areas, ichneumonid communities did not differ by planting age or configuration. As tree cover increased within 120 m of a sampling point, ichneumonid community composition increasingly resembled that found in native forest. Similarly, native ichneumonid abundance increased with proximity to native forest. Our results suggest that restoration plantings, if situated near target forest ecosystems and in areas with higher local tree cover, can facilitate restoration of native fauna even in a highly invaded system.
Data from: The effects of outbreeding on a parasitoid wasp fixed for infection with a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia symbiont
Trichogramma wasps can be rendered asexual by infection with the maternally inherited symbiont Wolbachia. Previous studies indicate the Wolbachia strains infecting Trichogramma wasps are host-specific, inferred by failed horizontal transfer of Wolbachia to novel Trichogramma hosts. Additionally, Trichogramma can become dependent upon their Wolbachia infection for the production of female offspring, leaving them irreversibly asexual, further linking host and symbiont. We hypothesized Wolbachia strains infecting irreversibly asexual, resistant to horizontal transfer Trichogramma would show adaptation to a particular host genetic background. To test this, we mated Wolbachia-dependent females with males from a Wolbachia-naïve population to create heterozygous wasps. We measured sex ratios and fecundity, a proxy for Wolbachia fitness, produced by heterozygous wasps, and by their recombinant offspring. We find a heterozygote advantage, resulting in higher fitness for Wolbachia, as wasps will produce more offspring without any reduction in the proportion of females. While recombinant wasps did not differ in total fecundity after ten days, recombinants produced fewer offspring early on, leading to an increased female-biased sex ratio for the whole brood. Despite the previously identified barriers to horizontal transfer of Wolbachia to and from Trichogramma pretiosum, there were no apparent barriers for Wolbachia to induce parthenogenesis in these non-native backgrounds. This is likely due to the route of infection being introgression rather than horizontal transfer, and possibly the co-evolution of Wolbachia with the mitochondria rather than the nuclear genome. These results help to elucidate the mechanisms by which Wolbachia adapt to hosts and the evolution of host-symbiont phenotypes.
Data from: Heat stress affects facultative symbiont-mediated protection from a parasitoid wasp
Many insects carry facultative bacterial symbionts, which provide benefits including resistance to natural enemies and abiotic stresses. Little is known about how these beneficial phenotypes are affected when biotic or abiotic threats occur simultaneously. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can host several well-characterized symbiont species. The symbiont known as X-type can protect against both parasitoid wasps and heat stress. Here, we used three pea aphid genotypes that were naturally infected with X-type and the symbiont Spiroplasma sp. We compared aphids coinfected with these two symbionts with those cured from X-type and infected with only Spiroplasma to investigate the ability of X-type to confer benefits to the host when two threats are experienced simultaneously. Our aim is to explore how robust symbiont protection may be outside a benign laboratory environment. Aphids were subjected to heat shock either before or after attack by parasitoid wasps. Under a benign temperature regime, the aphids carrying X-type tended to be better protected from the parasitoid than those cured. When the aphids experienced a heat shock before being parasitized aphids carrying X-type were more susceptible than those cured. Regardless of infection with the symbiont, the aphids benefitted from being heat shocked after parasitization. The results demonstrate how resistance to parasitoid wasps can be strongly environment-dependent and that a beneficial phenotype conferred by a symbiont under controlled conditions in the laboratory does not necessarily equate to a consistently useful effect in natural populations.
Data from: Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of a parasitoid wasp to hyperparasitism
The success of maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia, is directly linked to their host reproduction but in direct conflict with other parasites that kill the host before it reaches reproductive maturity. Therefore, symbionts that have evolved strategies to increase their host's ability to evade lethal parasites may have high penetrance, while detrimental symbionts would be selected against, leading to lower penetrance or extinction from the host population. In a natural population of the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter horticola in the Åland Islands (Finland), the Wolbachia strain wHho persists at an intermediate prevalence (∼50%). Additionally, there is a negative correlation between the prevalence of Wolbachia and a hyperparasitoid wasp, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus, in the landscape. Using a manipulative field experiment, we addressed the persistence of Wolbachia at this intermediate level, and tested whether the observed negative correlation could be due to Wolbachia inducing either susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. We show that infection with Wolbachia does not influence the ability of the wasp to parasitize its butterfly host, Melitaea cinxia, but that hyperparasitism of the wasp increases in the presence of wHho. Consequently, the symbiont is detrimental, and in order to persist in the host population, must also have a positive effect on fitness that outweighs the costly burden of susceptibility to widespread parasitism.
Data from: Wolbachia infection in a natural parasitoid wasp population
The maternally transmitted bacterium Wolbachia pipientis is well known for spreading and persisting in insect populations through manipulation of the fitness of its host. Here, we identify three new Wolbachia pipientis strains, wHho, wHho2 and wHho3, infecting Hyposoter horticola, a specialist wasp parasitoid of the Glanville fritillary butterfly. The wHho strain (ST435) infects about 50% of the individuals in the Åland islands in Finland, with a different infection rate in the two mitochondrial (COI) haplotypes of the wasp. The vertical transmission rate of Wolbachia is imperfect, and lower in the haplotype with lower infection rate, suggesting a fitness trade-off. We found no association of the wHho infection with fecundity, longevity or dispersal ability of the parasitoid host. However, preliminary results convey spatial associations between Wolbachia infection, host mitochondrial haplotype and parasitism of H. horticola by its hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus. We discuss the possibility that Wolbachia infection protects H. horticola against hyperparasitism.
FIGURE 16 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 16. Distribution maps: A B. matthewi, B. moorei; B B. murphyi, B. mymyae; C B. ocellatus, B. prolatusspissus; D B. saliens, B. scrobiculus.
FIGURE 15 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 15. Distribution maps: A B. arthuri, B. jenningsi, B. dux, B. glenysae; B B. hallarakeri, B. iqbali; C B. leai; D B. maryae.
FIGURE 8 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 8. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. dux, cresent shaped carina arrowed: A, lateral habitus; B, dorsal mesosoma. C & D, B. glenysae: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. E & F, B. hallarakeri: E, lateral habitus; F, dorsal habitus. Scale lines, A – F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 11 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 11. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. matthewi: A, lateral habitus; B, dorsal habitus. C & D, B. moorei: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. Scale lines, A – D = 200 μm.
FIGURE 14 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 14. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. tropaeumusbrevis: A, lateral habitus; B, latero-dorsal habitus. C & D, B. tropaeumusdensus: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. E & F, B. vulcanus: E, lateral habitus; F, dorsal mesosoma. Scale lines, A, C, & D = 200 μm; B, E, & F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 13 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 13. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. scrobiculus: A, lateral habitus; B, latero-anterior head and mesosoma, latero-dorsal margin of propodeum (arrow) rounded. C & D, B. spirolimbus: C, dorsal habitus, propodeal spiracle (arrowed) on the lateral margin; D, latero-anterior head and mesosoma, fc = frontal carina; laterally projecting carina on latero-dorsal margin of propodeum (long arrow) clearly delineates the lateral part of the propodeum from the dorsal part, distinctive quarter-circle shaped recess present below lateral ridge (short arrow); cristulations of malar region (distorted arrow). Scale lines, A – C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm.
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