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Figure 1 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 1. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). A, skull in quarry, with left side exposed and showing the position of the lower jaws, and ceratobranchials. In addition, the anteriormost cervical ribs are positioned just posterior to the ceratobranchials (parallel, nearly vertical splint-like elements); they most likely pertain to the axial vertebra. B, skull in early stages of preparation, with right side exposed. Note that a small portion of the surangular was damaged in the initial stages of preparation; more of this region of extremely thin bone was lost during subsequent preparation (compare to Fig. 16).

Figure 11 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 11. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Right (A) and left (B) lacrimals in lateral view. Adjacent bones and openings have been shaded to de-emphasize them. Abbreviations: aofe, antorbital fenestra; fr, frontal; j, jugal; la ap, lacrimal anterior process; la fo, lacrimal foramen; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; or, orbit; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; sq, squamosal.

Figure 4 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 4. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Anterior snout in ventral view (stereopairs). Dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: add ch, adductor chamber; ect, ectopterygoid; f, foramen; fl, flange; m, maxilla or maxillary; pal, palatine; pa sh, palatal shelf; pm, premaxilla; p-m pr, posteromedial process of the premaxilla; ppf, postpalatine fenestra; pt, pterygoid; rep f, replacement foramen; tab, tab; v, vomer. Arabic numerals indicate tooth positions.

Figure 7 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 7. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Skull roof in anterodorsal view. Dashed lines indicate a missing margin; dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: aofe, antorbital fenestra; en, external naris; f, foramen; fo, fossa; fr, frontal; j, jugal; l, left; la, lacrimal; m, maxilla; na, nasal or narial; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; r, right; stf, supratemporal fenestra.

Figure 10 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 10. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Right postorbital in lateral view. Adjacent bones and openings have been shaded to de-emphasize them. Dashed lines indicate a missing margin; hatching indicates a broken surface; dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: fr, frontal; fr pr, frontal process of the postorbital; j, jugal; j pr, jugal process of the postorbital; la, lacrimal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; or, orbit; orn, ornamentation; p, parietal; prf, prefrontal; sq, squamosal; sq pr, squamosal process of the postorbital; stf, supratemporal fenestra.

Figure 3 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 3. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Right premaxilla and maxilla in lateral view. Adjacent bones and openings have been shaded to de-emphasize them. Dashed lines indicate a missing margin; hatching indicates a broken surface; dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: amfo, anterior maxillary foramen; aofe, antorbital fenestra; ect, ectopterygoid; f, foramen; fo, fossa; j, jugal; l, left; la, lacrimal; ltf; lateral temporal fenestra; m, maxilla or maxillary; na, narial; or, orbit; pal, palatine; paofe, preantorbital fenestra; pm, premaxilla; pr, process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r, right; snf, subnarial foramen; tab, tab. Arabic numerals indicate tooth positions.

Figure 19 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 19. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). A, left and B, right posterior mandibles in dorsal view. Dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; part, prearticular; sang, surangular.

Figure 18 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 18. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Posterior portion of right mandible in medial view. Dashed lines indicate a missing margin; hatching indicates a broken surface; dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: ang, angular; art, articular; d, dentary; f, foramen; part; prearticular; sang, surangular; spl, splenial.

Figure 24 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 24. Punnett square showing the topological results within Titanosauria after re-analysis of the original Zaher et al. (2011) data matrix with and without rescored data for Tapuiasaurus and Isisaurus. Tapuiasaurus was fully rescored based on the present study; in addition, cranial data for Isisaurus were added, based on previous study of original materials (see Wilson et al., 2005). Re-analysis including only the rescored Tapuiasaurus data (lower left) yields the same topology as the original matrix, which includes an intact Nemegtosauridae (*; upper left). Re-analysis adding only the new Isisaurus data (upper right) supports the grouping of Tapuiasaurus + Rapetosaurus but does not unequivocally support the monophyly of the three nemegtosaurid taxa (in bold type) because Nemegtosaurus (N) is alternatively placed as the sister group of the Tapuiasaurus + Rapetosaurus clade or Isisaurus. Re-analysis using both new Isisaurus data and rescored Tapuiasaurus data (lower right) disbands the three nemegtosaurid taxa, with Nemegtosaurus (N) positioned more tipward and Tapuiasaurus (T) positioned more stemward. CSSI, Character State Similarity Index (Sereno, 2009), which measures similarity between matrices that score the same characters (see text for explanation). Abbreviations: Nemegto., Nemegtosaurus; Tapuia., Tapuiasaurus.

Figure 23. Temporally calibrated cladogram representing a in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 23. Temporally calibrated cladogram representing a reduced consensus of 34 MPTs generated in a cladistic analysis of 31 taxa and 246 characters (see text for details). The reduced consensus was generated using the iterPCR script in TNT (see Pol & Escapa, 2009), which identified Tapuiasaurus and Nemegtosaurus as wildcard taxa that linked with 13 different lithostrotian taxa in the MPTs (labelled a–c and d–m, respectively). The italicized numbers at nodes within Titanosauria represent decay indices>1. The coloured bars represent the temporal distribution of diplodocoid (brown) and macronarian (purple) taxa; in all cases their vertical extent reflects stratigraphic uncertainty rather than a true range. Dates at epoch and stage boundaries are based on Cohen et al. (2013). Coloration of chronostratigraphic units follows the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (http://www.ccgm.org).

Figure 21 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 21. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Lower teeth, wear pattern. A, conjoined mandibles in oblique right dorsolateral view showing the first 13 right dentary teeth. B and C are close-up photographs of the first four dentary teeth in lingual and labial views, respectively. Abbreviations: d, dentary; d1–11, dentary tooth positions; wf, wear facet.

Figure 15 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 15. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Right (A, B) and left (C, D) ceratobranchials in lateral (A, D) and medial (B, C) views. Images are orientated as preserved; the more narrow end of each element points dorsally, and the more expanded end points anteriorly. A and C represent the view from the right side of the skull (right ceratobranchial in lateral view, left ceratobranchial in medial view); B and D represent the view from the left side of the skull. See Figure 1A for a view of these elements in situ.

Figure 14 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 14. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Braincase in right lateral view, as exposed within the orbit (stereopairs). Dotted lines indicate sutures. Abbreviations: bs, basisphenoid; f, foramen; ls, laterosphenoid; os, orbitosphenoid; pro, prootic; sc, scleral ossicles. Roman numerals indicate cranial nerve openings.

Figure 13 in The skull of the titanosaur Tapuiasaurus macedoi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil

Figure 13. Tapuiasaurus macedoi (MZSP-Pv 807). Right squamosal and quadratojugal in lateral view. Adjacent bones and openings have been shaded to de-emphasize them. Dotted black line indicates sq–qj suture. Dashed lines indicate a missing margin; hatching indicates a broken surface; dot pattern indicates matrix. Abbreviations: aofe, antorbital fenestra; em, embayment; en, external naris; ho, hook; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; or, orbit; p, parietal; po, postorbital; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; sq-qj, squamosal–quatrojugal suture; stf, supratemporal fenestra.

Figure 22 in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 22. Simplified reduced consensus tree, showing the minimal implied stratigraphic gaps in the basal neosauropod radiation as predicted by the topology presented here. The stratigraphic position of Jobaria is based on Rauhut & López-Arbarello (2009).

Figure 23 in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 23. Occurrences of macronarians in the Late Jurassic. 1, Cañadón Calcáreo Formation (Tithonian–?Valangianian); Tehuelchesaurus benitezii, unidentified brachiosaurid. 2, Tendaguru Formation (Oxfordian–Tithonian); Giraffatitan brancai, Janenschia robusta. 3, Kadzi Formation (Late Jurassic); 'Brachiosaurus' sp. (probably Giraffatitan), Janenschia sp.,?Camarasaurus sp. 4, Morrison Formation (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian); Haplocanthosaurus spp., Camarasaurus spp., Brachiosaurus altithorax. 5, Sobral Unit (Tithonian); Lusotitan atalaiensis; Villar de Arzobispo Formation (Tithonian-Berriasian); Galvesaurus herreroi. 6, unnamed carbonate unit at Oker (Kimmeridgian); Europasaurus holgeri; unnamed unit, Damparis (Oxfordian); 'French Bothriospondylus' (probable brachiosaurid).

Figure 21. A in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 21. A, strict consensus of MPTs, showing the phylogenetic position of Tehuelchesaurus. B, reduced consensus tree of the MPTs after the exclusion of Malarguesaurus, Tendaguria, and Venenosaurus. Stem based groups are symbolized by arrows and node-based groups with open circles. Node definitions: Eusauropoda (Upchurch et al., 2004); Neosauropoda (Wilson & Sereno, 1998); Diplodocoidea (Wilson & Sereno, 1998); Macronaria (Wilson & Sereno, 1998); Camarasauromorpha (Upchurch et al., 2004); Titanosauriformes (Wilson & Sereno, 1998); Somphospondyli (Sereno, 2005); Titanosauria (Wilson & Upchurch, 2003).

Figure 20 in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 20. Tuelchesaurus benitezii, right femur in posterior (A) and proximal views (B) and left femur in posterior (C), and medial views (D). Abbreviations: 4tr, fourth trochanter; epc, epicondyle; fbc, fibular condyle; lb, lateral bulge; tbc, tibial condyle. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 19 in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 19. Tehuelchesaurus benitezii, ischium. Left ischium in anterolateral view, stereophotographs (A), right ischial shaft in posterior view, stereophotographs (B), and outline of pubic peduncle of left ischium (C). Abbreviations: ac, acetabular rim; ic, contact area between left and right ischium; ilpd, iliac peduncle; pupd, pubic peduncle. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 18 in Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia

Figure 18. Tehuelchesaurus benitezii, rigth pubis. Lateral view, stereophotographs (A), posterolateral view (B), and outline of ischial peduncle (C). Abbreviation: obf, obturator foramen. Scale bar = 10 cm.