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FIGURE 4 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation
FIGURE 4. Specimens reported from the DX5 outcrop section in Metzger (2005). All specimens in lateral view. 1-3, 5, Pterospathodus eopennatus ssp. n. 2 sensu Männik (1998), Pa element, DLH 4, SUI 132418 (1); Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (2); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (3); and Pa element, DLH 9, SUI 132423 (5). 4, 6-9, Pterospathodus amorphognathoides angulatus, Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (4); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (6); Pa element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (7); Pb element, DLH 6, SUI 132420 (8); and Pa element, DLH 11, SUI 132425 (9). 10, Aulacognathus bullatus? Pb element, DLH 11, SUI 132425.
FIGURE 9 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation
FIGURE 9. Conodonts from the Garrison Core and DX5 outcrop. 1-8, Wurmiella? polinclinata polinclinata, S0 element, anterior view, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142286 (1); S1/2 element, posterior view, GC 115.51–115.79 m, SUI 142287 (2); S3/4 element, lateral view, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 142288 (3); M element, lateral view, GC 130.20– 130.48 m, SUI 142289 (4); P2 element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142290 (5); P2 element, GC 130.79– 131.09 m, SUI 142291 (6); P1 element, lateral view, DX5 4.59–4.61 m, SUI 142292 (7); and P1 element, lateral view, DX5 3.49–3.59 m, SUI 142293 (8). 9-10, Aulacognathus angulatus, P1 element, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142294 (9) and S1/2? element, posterior view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142295 (10). 11-14, Aulacognathus bullatus, P2 element, lateral view, DX5 1.34–1.54 m, SUI 142296 (11); P1 element, oral view, DX5 4.59–4.61 m, SUI 142297 (12); P1 element, oral view, DX5 0.67–0.74 m, SUI 142298 (13); and P1 element, oral view, GC 120.88– 121.13 m, SUI 142299 (14). 15-16, Aulacognathus kuehni, P1 element, oral view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142300 (15) and juvenile P1 element, oral view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142301 (16). 17, Astrolecignathus cf. milleri, Pa element, oral view, GC 121.92–121.88 m, SUI 142302. 18, Apsidognathus tuberculatus, Pa element, oral view, DX5 1.34–1.54 m, SUI 142303.
FIGURE 8. Conodonts from the Garrison Core. 1-12, 19 in Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) conodonts from the LaPorte City Formation of eastern Iowa, USA (East-Central Iowa Basin) and their implications for global Telychian conodont biostratigraphic correlation
FIGURE 8. Conodonts from the Garrison Core. 1-12, 19, Psuedolonchodina sp. n., Sa element, posterior view, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 152266 (1); Sa element, posterior-aboral view, GC 121.62–121.88 m, SUI 142267 (2); Sb element, anterior view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142268 (3); Sc element, lateral view, GC 130.20–130.48, SUI 142269 (4); Sc/M? element fragment, lateral view, GC 128.85–129.11 m, SUI 142270 (5); M element, lateral-posterior view, GC 131.95–132.23 m, SUI 142271 (6); M element, anterior-lateral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142272 (7); Pa element, oral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142273 (8); Pa element, oral view, GC 130.79–131.09m, SUI 142274 (9); Sc element, lateral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142259 (10); Pb element, lateral, and lateral-aboral views, GC 115.51–115.76 m, SUI 142275 (11 and 12); and Pb element, lateral view, GC 130.79-131.09 m, SUI 142276 (19). 13, 15, Oulodus sp. indet., Sa element, anterior-lateral view, GC 137.12–137.40 m, SUI 142277 (13) and Pa element, posterior view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142278 (15). 14, 16-17, Oulodus cf. Ou. petilus pacificus, Sc element, lateral view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142279 (14); Sb element, posterior-oral view, GC 130.20–130.48 m, SUI 142280 (16); and Pb element, anterior-lateral view, GC 130.79–131.09 m, SUI 142281 (17). 18, 21-22, Distomodus staurognathoides, Sb element, posterior view, GC 134.06–134.31 m, SUI 142282 (18); Pa element, oral view, GC 135.65– 136.10 m, SUI 142283 (21); and Pa element, oral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142282 (22). 20, Aulacognathus angulatus, P2 element, lateral view, GC 135.65–136.10 m, SUI 142285.
Fig. 1 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 1. Geological map of the island of Gotland, Sweden, showing mapped lithological units and localities sampled for ophiuroids. Figure modified from Eriksson & Calner (2005) and Thuy et al. (2022).
Fig. 7 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 7. Stratigraphic position of the taxa described in the present paper with their assumed evolutionary relationships and the nesting of the clades Ankhurida clade nov., Ophiovalida clade nov. and Metophiurida Matsumoto, 1913. Note that some lateral arm plates are mirrored to allow comparison in similar orientation.
Fig. 6 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 6. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno doro sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38341, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38342, median lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38343, distal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. Ophiopetagno sp. 1, NRM PAL Ec38344, proximal to median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. Ophiopetagno sp. 2, NRM PAL Ec38345, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.
Fig. 2 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic framework of Gotland, with the stratigraphic positions of localities sampled for ophiuroids alongside identified Silurian events (modified from Eriksson & Calner 2005, with chronostratigraphic ages after Melchin et al. 2020).
Fig. 5 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 5. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno bonzo sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38336, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. bonzo, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38337, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiopetagno kansas sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38338, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38339, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38340, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiopetagno paicei Thuy, Eriksson & Numberger-Thuy, 2022, from Thuy et al. (2022), proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. paicei, from Thuy et al. (2022), distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.
Fig. 4 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 4. Dissociated lateral arm plates and vertebra of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson immolation gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38328, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. immolation, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38329, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson archspire gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38330, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38331, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38332, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiolofsson hendersonorum gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38333, proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38334, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. O–P. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38335, vertebra in lateral (O) and distal (P) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; AS = muscle attachment surface; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; PB = podial basin; SP = spur; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob;WVC = water vessel canal; ZC = zygocondyle; ZS = zygosphene.
Fig. 3 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden
Fig. 3. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson joelmciveri gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38322, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. joelmciveri, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38323, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson obituary gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38324, median to proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38325, proximal lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38326, proximal median lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38327, distal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.
Fig. 9 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 9. Ranges of new taxa superimposed on the local stratigraphical units in the selected boreholes.
Fig. 8 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 8. Rohonilepis breviornatus gen. et sp. nov. A–D. SEM micrographs of scales, crown views, anterior upwards. A. LIGG 25−A−2457. B. LIGG 25−A−2458. C. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2459. D. LIGG 25−A−2461. E, F. Microstructure of scales in vertical longitudinal sections. E1. Thin section LIGG 3726, general view. E2. Detail of the upper right crown part of the same scale. F. Thin section LIGG 3727. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1103.0 m. Upper Silurian, Ludlow, Ventspils Formation.
Fig. 7 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 7. Bracteatacanthus assiduus gen. et sp. nov. A–E. SEM micrographs of trunk scales; crown views, anterior upwards, except for B, lateral view, anterior to the left. A. LIGG 25−A−2450. B. LIGG 25−A−2451. C. LIGG 25−A−2452. D. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2453. E. LIGG 25−A−2454. F, G. Microstructure of scales in vertical longitudinal sections. F1. Thin section LIGG 3705, general view. F2. Detail of the left part of crown and base apex of the same scale. G1. Thin section LIGG 3708. G2. Detail of the left part of crown and base apex of the same scale. G3. The same scale, detail of the right part. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Nida−44 borehole, depth 1213.0 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation.
Fig. 5 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation.
Fig. 6 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 6. Arenaceacanthus arcuatacanalis gen. et sp. nov. A–D. SEM micrographs of trunk scales, crown views, anterior upwards. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2443. B. LIGG 25−A−2444. C. LIGG 25−A−2446. D. LIGG 25−A−2447. E, F. Microstructure of scales in vertical longitudinal (E) and vertical transverse (F) sections. E1. General view, thin section LIGG 3731. E2. Detail of the left side, the lower part of crown and bordering base strip of the same scale. F1. Thin sectionLIGG 3733, general view. F2. Enlarged mainpartof the samescale. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Ledai−179 borehole, depth 547.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation.
Fig. 4 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation.
Fig. 3 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 3. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of scales in vertical longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sections. A1. Holotype−like scale with uniformbent, sub−parallelridgesprominentattheanteriorand posterioredges ofthecrown, and almostfadingoutnear thecrown center. ThinsectionLIGG 3678. A2. Detail of posterior edge of crown and a small portion of base of the same scale. B1. Widened scale with flattened ridges like those in Fig. 2E. Thin sectionLIGG 3679. B2. Detail of the leftpart of the same scale. B3. Detail of the rightpart of the same scale. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Stoniškiai−1borehole, depth 1211.0–1217.0 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation.
Fig. 2 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 2. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs, trunk scales except for F, head? scale, crown views, anterior upwards: holotype, LIGG 25−A−2413 (A), LIGG 25−A−2416 (B), LIGG 25−A−2417 (C), LIGG 25−A−2418 (D), LIGG 25−A−2420 (E), LIGG 25−A−2422 (F), LIGG 25−A−2421 (G), LIGG 25−A−2414(H). Scalebars0.1 mm.Nida−44borehole, depth1213.0 m(A, E–H) andStoniškiai−1borehole, depth1211.0–1217.0 m(B–D). Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation.
Fig. 1 in New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing location of the boreholes yielding the majority of the material studied. Borehole and its original number: 1−Stoniškiai, 7−Krekenava, 8−Stačiūnai, 11−Šešuvis, 12−Kunkojai, 44−Nida, 61−Viduklė, 87−Sutkai, 99−Gėluva, 128−Vilkaviškis, 137−Liepkalnis, 162−Kurtuvėnai, 179−Ledai, 241−Butkūnai, 252−Svėdasai.
Fig. 2 in Silurian retiolitid graptolites: Morphology and evolution
Fig. 2. Ancorae sleeve membranes in Silurian retiolitids. A, B. Spinograptus praerobustus Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002, specimens with preserved thecal and ancora sleeve membranes, Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada, ABa3−98, 21 m, Colonograptus praedeubeli–C. deubeli Biozone, Wenlock. A. ZPAL G.37/1; A, stereopair of exterior proximal end showing ancora, well−preserved sicula, base of theca 11 (directly below sicula), double fusellar walls, thecal ap1 ertures and spino−reticular genicular processes; A2, reverse view showing ancora and ancora umbrella, and partially preserved thin fusellar layer that fills in space between the zigzag (bandaged) lists; A, Proximal−lateral stereopair view. B. Stereopair showing sicula, theca 12 on lower right side of sicula, aperture of 3 theca 12, inner and outer (ancora sleeve) fusellar layers, and thin nema, GSC 107928. C. Proximal end of Retiolites angustidens Elles and Wood, 1908 with broken ancora umbrella, NMW 91.52G.812, 500 m south of Stenkyrkehuks fyr, Gotland, Sweden, Lower Visby Marl, uppermost Llandovery; C1, ventro−lateral view; C2, view to the inside of rhabdosome showing sicula and thecal walls. Abbreviations: as, ancora sleeve; s, sicula; th, theca.
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