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opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of the genus Scaphidium Olivier (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae Scaphidiinae) from Southwest China

FIGURE 1 Scaphidium rhopaliparamerosum sp. nov. A‒B. Habitus, male. C. Metaventrite, male. D. Antenna. E. Front leg in ventral view male. F‒G. Aedeagus. H. Internal sac in detail. Scales: A‒C, E = 1 mm; D, F‒H = 0.2mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Substrate and spatial variables are major determinants of fungal community in karst caves in Southwest China

Aim: Previous studies primarily based on the culture method have revealed that caves host a high fungal diversity and that exogenous carbon sources influence fungal communities. Here, we assess the fungal diversity and distribution patterns in karst caves in Southwest China and reveal the major factors that shape the fungal communities. Location: Southwest China. Methods: Samples of air, rock, sediment, and water were collected from eight caves in Southwest China. Using high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region of fungal rDNA, we examined the cave fungal communities in Southwest China and studied their correlations with potentially influential factors, such as substrate, cave, location and environmental variables. Results: Approximately 10,000 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) spanning 15 phyla were obtained. The highest diversity genus was Penicillium, while Mortierella had the highest relative abundance. Compared with air and rock samples, sediment and water samples harboured higher diversity and distinct communities. Substrate and cave were revealed to be the key determinants of the fungal communities in caves. Sample location and sampling distance from the entrance had more significant impacts on rock and sediment communities than on air and water assemblages. The fungal assemblages in air and water samples from the cave and outside cave environments were similar, while those of rock and sediment samples were significantly different. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that sediment and water harboured higher fungal diversity than air and rock, and substrate and spatial variables are key determinants of fungal communities in caves.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

Data from: The response of mixed-species bird flocks to anthropogenic disturbance and elevational variation in southwest China

Avian mixed-species flocks (MSFs) are an important example of species interactions threatened by the biodiversity crisis. They are found throughout the world in forested habitats, but are generally reduced in size or frequency by human disturbance. In southern China, a unique MSF system has been described that is led by fulvettas (Alcippe morrisonia, A. hueti and A. davidi). Our objective was to understand how this system is distributed across elevational gradients, especially moving west into the Hengduan Mountains, and how it responds to human disturbance. We sampled leadership and composition of 375 MSFs over 2 years in and surrounding 5 nature reserves in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan Province, with transects placed in different land use types – protected forest, buffer areas, or agriculture – and ranging from 400 to 3200 m. We also sampled birds outside of MSFs. We found MSFs led by fulvettas (A. fratercula and A. davidi) in forests across the region up to 2900 m. Elevation was not a significant influence on MSF size or prevalence in models that also included land use. We found that MSFs were encountered at only 1/3 of the frequency in agriculture as in forest, and had strongly different composition and leadership. Although MSFs in buffer areas more similar to those in forest, birds in buffer had lower flocking propensity with different flock leaders and less complex social networks. In particular, buffer transects that were seeded pine had low numbers of fulvetta-led MSFs and forest specialists. In the future, it is important to understand which vegetational characteristics allow MSFs, particularly fulvetta-led MSFs, to persist in buffer habitats.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: A taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic perspective on the community assembly of passerine birds along an elevational gradient in southwest China

Integrating multiple-facets of biodiversity to describe spatial and temporal distribution patterns is one way of revealing the mechanisms driving community assembly. We assessed the species, functional and phylogenetic composition and structure of passerine bird communities along an elevational gradient both in wintering and breeding seasons in the Ailao Mountains, southwest China, in order to identify the dominant ecological processes structuring the communities and how these processes change with elevation and season. Our research confirms that the highest taxonomic diversity, and distinct community composition, was found in the moist evergreen broadleaf forest at high elevation in both seasons. Environmental filtering was the dominant force at high elevations with relatively cold and wet climatic conditions, while the observed value of mean pairwise functional and phylogenetic distances of low elevation were constantly higher than expectation in two seasons, suggested interspecific competition could played the key role at low elevations, perhaps because of relative rich resource result from complex vegetation structure and human-induced disturbance. Across all elevations, there was a trend of decreasing intensity of environmental filtering whereas increasing interspecific competition from wintering season to breeding season. This was likely due to the increased resource availability but reproduction-associated competition in the summer months. In general, there is a clear justification for conservation efforts to protect entire elevational gradients in the Ailao Mountains, given the distinct taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic compositions and also elevational migration pattern in passerine bird communities.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

A new species of Hiptage (Malpighiaceae) from Nujiang Gorge of Southwest China

Hiptage lushuiensis, a new species from the Hengduan Mountains, northwestern Yunnan Province, China, is here described and illustrated. This species was found growing at the margin of an open forest in the Nujiang Gorge of Lushui City. H. lushuiensis is distinctive for its pink petals, 2 or more calyx glands, large and red pink samara with white hairs. This species is isolated in the deep gorge (25°51′N, 98° 51′E, altitude 917 m), located at the northern edge of the genus's distribution range. These distinctive differences in morphological traits and geographical location suggest a history of long-distance dispersal and allopatric speciation for this new species

FIGURE 2 in Bangana brevirostris, a new species of cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from the Lancang-Jiang (Upper Mekong River) drainage in Yunnan, Southwest China

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of oromandibular structures in: (A) Bangana brevirostris, holotype, SWFC 0512080, 93.7mm; China: Lancang-Jiang. (B) B. tonkinensis, KIZ 846309, 59.1 mm SL; China: Lixian-Jiang. (C) B. devdevi, KIZ 8310056, 130.6 mm SL; China: Irrawaddy River. (D) B. lemassoni, KIZ 2007001755, 215.0 mm SL; China: Lixian-Jiang. dt = dissepiment; lj = lower jaw; ll = lower lip; mg = mental groove; pg = postlabial groove; rf = rostral fold.

FIGURE 1 in Bangana brevirostris, a new species of cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from the Lancang-Jiang (Upper Mekong River) drainage in Yunnan, Southwest China

FIGURE 1. Bangana brevirostris, holotype, SWFC0512080, 93.7 mm SL; China: Lancang-Jiang. Lateral view.

FIGURES 1–11 in Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China

FIGURES 1–11. Lonchoptera pinglongshanensis sp. nov. Male. 1. Fore tibia, dorsal view; 2. mid tibia, dorsal view; 3. hind tibia, dorsal view; 4. fore tarsomeres 2–5, ventral view; 5. sternite 3, ventral view; 6. epandrium and cerci, dorsal view; 7. epandrium and cerci, lateral view; 8. genitalia, ventral view; 9. hypandrium and genital complex, ventral view; 10. hypandrium and genital complex, lateral view; 11. hypandrium and genital complex, dorsal view.

FIGURES 12–23 in Lonchopteridae (Diptera) from Guangxi, Southwest China

FIGURES 12–23. Lonchoptera unicolor sp. nov. Male (12–21). 12. Fore tibia, dorsal view; 13. mid tibia, dorsal view; 14. hind tibia, dorsal view; 15. fore tarsomeres 2–5, ventral view; 16. sternite 3, ventral view; 17. epandrium and cerci, dorsal view; 18. epandrium and cerci, lateral view; 19. hypandrium and genital complex, ventral view; 20. hypandrium and genital complex, lateral view; 21. hypandrium and genital complex, dorsal view. Female (22–23). 22. Genitalia dorsal view; 23. genitalia ventral view.

FIGURES 10–11 in Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

FIGURES 10–11. Pericentrus bicoronatus (Westwood, 1848). 10. Ψ, N-India: Boorang (MNCN). 11. ♂, N-India: Sikkim, Katapahar (NHMW).

FIGURES 7–9. Parastheneboea simianshanensis n in Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

FIGURES 7–9. Parastheneboea simianshanensis n. sp. (♂HT). 7. Habitus. 8. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. 9. Apex of abdomen, dorsal view.

FIGURES 1–6. Parastheneboea foliculata n in Descriptions of a new genus and three new species of Phasmatodea from Southwest China (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

FIGURES 1–6. Parastheneboea foliculata n. sp. 1. Habitus of ΨHT, lateral view. 2. Habitus of ΨHT, dorsal view. 3. Apex of abdomen, lateral view (ΨHT). 4. Apex of abdomen, ventral view (ΨHT). 5. Egg, dorsal view [scale = 1 mm]. 6. Egg, lateral view [scale = 1 mm].

FIGURE 3. Aulodrilus apeniatus. A–B in Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China

FIGURE 3. Aulodrilus apeniatus. A–B. ventral chaetae; C. dorsal bifid; D. lateral view of spermathecae and male ducts in segments X–XI. Scale bars: A–C 40 µm; D 200 µm.

FIGURE 2. Varichaetadrilus vestibulatus. A in Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China

FIGURE 2. Varichaetadrilus vestibulatus. A. spermatheca; B. spermathecal chaeta. A–B illustrated Holotype. Scale bars: A 200 µm; B 40 µm.

FIGURE 1. Varichaetadrilus vestibulatus. A in Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China

FIGURE 1. Varichaetadrilus vestibulatus. A. dorsal bifid from III; B. dorsal simple-pointed chaeta from VIII; C. dorsal bifid from VIII; D. distal end of dorsal bifid from X; E–F. distal end of ventral chaetae (XXII, XXXIV, respectively); G. penial chaeta; H. lateral view of male duct in segments X–XII; I. cuticularized penial sheath. A–I illustrated Holotype. Scale bars: A–C, D–G 40 µm; H, I 200 µm.

FIGURE 4. Ilyodrilus mesoprostatus. A–B in Three new species of Tubificinae, Oligochaeta, from two plateau lakes in Southwest China

FIGURE 4. Ilyodrilus mesoprostatus. A–B. ventral chaetae; C. dorsal bifid; D. lateral view of spermathecae and male ducts in segments X–XI (lower one is right); E. cuticularized penial sheath. Scale bars: A–C 40 µm; D 200 µm; E 80 µm.

FIGURES 12–17 in New species of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken from Yunnan, Southwest China (Diptera, Limoniidae)

FIGURES 12–17. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) yunnanense sp. nov. Male. 12. Ninth tergite, dorsal view; 13. outer gonostylus, lateral view; 14. inner gonostylus, lateral view; 15. hypopygium, lateral view; 16. hypopygium, dorsal view; 17. hypopygium, ventral view.

FIGURES 30–35 in New species of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken from Yunnan, Southwest China (Diptera, Limoniidae)

FIGURES 30–35. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) elongatum sp. nov. Male. 30. Ninth tergite, dorsal view; 31. outer gonostylus, lateral view; 32. inner gonostylus, inner lateral view; 33. hypopygium, lateral view; 34. hypopygium, dorsal view; 35. hypopygium, ventral view.

FIGURES 18–23 in New species of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken from Yunnan, Southwest China (Diptera, Limoniidae)

FIGURES 18–23. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) ancistrum sp. nov. Male. 18. Ninth tergite, dorsal view; 19. outer gonostylus, lateral view; 20. inner gonostylus, lateral view; 21. hypopygium, lateral view; 22. hypopygium, dorsal view; 23. hypopygium, ventral view.

FIGURES 1–5 in New species of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken from Yunnan, Southwest China (Diptera, Limoniidae)

FIGURES 1–5. Wing (male). 1. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) mediale sp. nov.; 2. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) yunnanense sp. nov.; 3. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) ancistrum sp. nov.; 4. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) breve sp. nov.; 5. Epiphragma (Epiphragma) elongatum sp. nov.