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799 results for “Stick insects”
Fig. 7 in Stick insects from Vietnam: The new genus Mycovartes gen. nov., with two new species and two new species of Neooxyartes Ho, 2018 (Phasmida: Lonchodidae: Necrosciinae)
Fig. 7. Mycovartes khoii gen. et sp. nov., eggs (RBINS). A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Operculum. D. Ventral view. E. Dorsolateral view. F. Anterolateral view. G. Posterodorsal view. H. Polar area. I. Variation.
Data from: Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects
<p>A major unresolved issue in biology is why phenotypic and genetic variation is sometimes continuous, yet other times packaged into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, and species. In theory, ecological discontinuities can impose strong disruptive selection that promotes the evolution of discrete forms, but direct tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Here we show that <span><em>Timema</em> </span>stick insects exhibit genetically-determined color morphs that range from weakly to strongly discontinuous. Color data from nature and a manipulative field experiment demonstrate that greater morph differentiation is associated with shifts from host plants exhibiting more continuous color variation to those exhibiting greater coloration distance between green leaves and brown stems, the latter of which generates strong disruptive selection. Our results show how ecological factors can promote discrete variation, and we further present results on how this can have variable effects on the genetic differentiation that promotes speciation.</p>
DNA methylation differences between stick insect ecotypes
<p><span>Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, can influence gene regulation and affect phenotypic variation, raising the possibility that they contribute to ecological adaptation. To begin to address this issue requires high-resolution sequencing studies of natural populations to pinpoint epigenetic regions of potential ecological and evolutionary significance. However, such studies are still relatively uncommon, especially in insects, and are mainly restricted to a few model organisms. Here, we characterize patterns of DNA methylation for natural populations of </span><span><em>Timema</em> <em>cristinae</em></span> <span>adapted to two host plant species (</span><span>i.e., </span><span>ecotypes).</span> <span>By integrating results from sequencing of whole transcriptomes, genomes, and methylomes, we investigate whether environmental, host, and genetic differences of these stick insects are associated with methylation levels of cytosine nucleotides in CpG context. We report an overall genome-wide methylation level for </span><em><span>T. cristinae</span></em> <span>of ~14%, being enriched in gene bodies and impoverished in repetitive elements. Genome-wide DNA methylation variation was strongly positively correlated with genetic distance (relatedness) but also exhibited significant host-plant effects. Using methylome-environment association analysis, we pinpointed specific genomic regions that are differentially methylated between ecotypes, with these regions being enriched for genes with functions in membrane processes. The observed association between methylation variation with genetic relatedness and the ecologically-important variable of host plant suggest a potential role for epigenetic modification in </span><em><span>T. cristinae</span></em> <span>adaptation. To substantiate such adaptive significance, future studies could test if methylation has a heritable component and the extent to which it responds to experimental manipulation in field and laboratory studies</span><span>.</span></p>
DNA methylation differences between stick insect ecotypes
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Data from: Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects
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Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
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Data from: Male-female chemical interactions in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect
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Data for: Maternal provisioning of offspring with defence chemicals in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect
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Fig. 1 in The new genus of stick insect Lobofemora from Vietnam, with the description of three new species (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Clitumnini)
Fig. 1. Distribution map of the species of Lobofemora gen. nov.
Fig. 13 in Philippine mossy forest stick insects: first record of the genus Otraleus Günther, 1935 in the country, with four new species, and the new genus Capuyanus gen. nov. (Phasmida, Diapheromeridae, Necrosciinae)
Fig. 13. Otraleus spp. and Capuyanus magwilangi sp. nov. Distribution map in Luzon.
Adaptive zones shape the magnitude of premating reproductive isolation in Timema stick insects
<p>Simpson's fossil-record inspired model of 'adaptive zones' proposes that evolution is dominated by small fluctuations within adaptive zones, occasionally punctuated by larger shifts between zones. This model can help explain why the process of population divergence often results in weak or moderate reproductive isolation (RI), rather than strong RI and distinct species. Applied to the speciation process, the adaptive zones hypothesis makes two inter-related predictions: (i) large shifts between zones are relatively rare, (ii) when large shifts do occur they generate stronger RI than shifts within zones. Here we use ecological, phylogenetic, and behavioural data to test these predictions in <i>Timema </i>stick insects. We show that host use in <i>Timema</i> is dominated by moderate shifts within the systematic divisions of flowering plants and conifers, with only a few extreme shifts between these divisions. However, when extreme shifts occur they generate greater RI than do more moderate shifts. Our results support the adaptive zones model, and suggest that the net contribution of ecological shifts to diversification is dependent on both their magnitude and frequency. We discuss the generality of our findings in light of emerging evidence from diverse taxa that the evolution of RI is not always the only factor determining the origin of species diversity</p>
Data from: Selection on a genetic polymorphism counteracts ecological speciation in a stick insect
The interplay between selection and aspects of the genetic architecture of traits (such as linkage, dominance, and epistasis) can either drive or constrain speciation. Despite accumulating evidence that speciation can progress to "intermediate" stages—with populations evolving only partial reproductive isolation—studies describing selective mechanisms that impose constraints on speciation are more rare than those describing drivers. The stick insect Timema cristinae provides an example of a system in which partial reproductive isolation has evolved between populations adapted to different host plant environments, in part due to divergent selection acting on a pattern polymorphism. Here, we demonstrate how selection on a green/melanistic color polymorphism counteracts speciation in this system. Specifically, divergent selection between hosts does not occur on color phenotypes because melanistic T. cristinae are cryptic on the stems of both host species, are resistant to a fungal pathogen, and have a mating advantage. Using genetic crosses and genome-wide association mapping, we quantify the genetic architecture of both the pattern and color polymorphism, illustrating their simple genetic control. We use these empirical results to develop an individual-based model that shows how the melanistic phenotype acts as a "genetic bridge" that increases gene flow between populations living on different hosts. Our results demonstrate how variation in the nature of selection acting on traits, and aspects of trait genetic architecture, can impose constraints on both local adaptation and speciation.
Ancient insect vision tuned for flight amongst rocks and plants underpins natural flower colour diversity - rock, mineral, stick, bark, leaf, bird- and insect-flower petal reflectance spectra
<p>Understanding the origins of flower colour signalling to pollinators is fundamental to evolutionary biology and ecology. Flower colour evolves under pressure from visual systems of pollinators, like birds and insects, to establish global signatures among flowers with similar pollinators. However, an understanding of the ancient origins of this relationship remains elusive. Here, we employ computer simulations to generate artificial flower backgrounds assembled from real material sample spectra of rocks, leaves, and dead plant materials, against which to test flowers' visibility to birds and bees. Our results indicate how flower colours differ from their backgrounds in strength, and the distributions of salient reflectance features when perceived by these key pollinators, to reveal the possible origins of their colours. Since Hymenopteran visual perception evolved before flowers, the terrestrial chromatic context for its evolution to facilitate flight and orientation consisted of rocks, leaves, sticks, and bark. Flowers exploited these pre-evolved visual capacities of their visitors, and in response evolved chromatic features to signal to bees, and differently to birds, against a backdrop of other natural materials. Consequently, it appears that today's flower colours may be an evolutionary response to the vision of diurnal pollinators navigating their world millennia prior to the first flowers.</p>
Table 1 in Nesiophasma sobesonbaii n sp a new giant stick insect from the island of Timor Indonesia Insecta Phasmatodea
<p><b>Table 1</b>. Measurements of <i>Nesiophasma sobesonbaii</i> <b>n</b>. <b>sp</b>. [mm]</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><b>HT</b> - ♀ [IMQC]</th><th><b>PT</b> - ♂♂</th><th><b>PT</b> - ♀♀</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Body</b> (incl. subgenital plate)</th><td>204.0</td><td>-</td><td>180.0 - 212.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Body</b></th><td>188.0</td><td>106.0 - 110.0</td><td>170.0 - 201.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Pronotum</b></th><td>5.9</td><td>2.9 - 3.2</td><td>5.5 - 7.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mesonotum</b></th><td>38.8</td><td>22.5 - 23.5</td><td>35.8 - 40.6</td></tr><tr><th><b>Metanotum</b></th><td>19.7</td><td>11.0 - 11.4</td><td>18.2 - 20.3</td></tr><tr><th><b>Median segment</b></th><td>8.6</td><td>5.5 - 6.1</td><td>7.6 - 9.2</td></tr><tr><th><b>Profemora</b></th><td>48.7</td><td>33.0 - 33.5</td><td>46.7 - 53.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mesofemora</b></th><td>35.0</td><td>24.8 - 25.4</td><td>32.3 - 37.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Metafemora</b></th><td>42.6</td><td>30.3 - 32.0</td><td>39.0 - 45.5</td></tr><tr><th><b>Protibiae</b></th><td>55.6</td><td>37.2 - 37.5</td><td>49.0 - 57.6</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mesotibiae</b></th><td>35.3</td><td>23.8 - 25.0</td><td>34.4 - 38.0</td></tr><tr><th><b>Metatibiae</b></th><td>46.2</td><td>32.0 - 33.9</td><td>44.3 - 50.5</td></tr><tr><th><b>Antennae</b></th><td>98.0</td><td>74.0 - 76.0</td><td>85.0 - 100.0</td></tr></tbody></table>
Sexually but not parthenogenetically produced females benefit from mating in a stick insect
<p>In facultatively parthenogenetic populations, the prevalence of sexual reproduction depends on whether females mate and therefore produce sons and daughters or avoid mating and produce daughters only. The relative advantage of mating in such species may depend on a female's own reproductive origin (i.e., development from a fertilised or unfertilised egg) if parthenogenesis reduces heterozygosity similarly to sexual inbreeding, or if it inhibits mating, sperm storage or fertilisation. But effects of reproductive origin on development and performance are poorly understood. Using the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect, Extatosoma tiaratum, we quantified morphology, mating probability, and reproductive success in mated versus unmated females of sexual versus automictic (parthenogenetic) origin. We found strong evidence that increased homozygosity negatively impacted some traits in parthenogenetically produced females: compared to sexually produced females, parthenogenetically produced females were smaller and more prone to deformities in vestigial wings, but not more prone to fluctuating asymmetry in their legs. Parthenogenetically produced females received fewer mating attempts and avoided mating more often than sexually produced females. Yet, contrary to the expectation that sex should rescue parthenogenetic lineages from the detrimental effects of increased homozygosity, parthenogenetically produced females gained no net reproductive benefit from mating, suggesting that physiological constraints limit fitness returns of sexual reproduction for these females. Our findings indicate that advantages of mating in this species depend on female reproductive origin. These results could help to explain spatial distributions of sex in facultatively parthenogenetic animals and evolutionary transitions to obligate asexuality.</p>
Fig. 29 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera
Fig. 29. Arumatia aramatia Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (MZUSP 1322). A. Dorsal view.
Fig. 47 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera
Fig. 47. Arumatia diamante Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP V0650). A. Dorsal view.
Fig. 25 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera
Fig. 25. Arumatia aramatia Ghirotto gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP 1352). A. Dorsal view.
Fig. 9 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera
Fig. 9. Habitus of a recently deceased first instar female nymph of Arumatia dubia (Caudell, 1904)
Fig. 14 in Arumatia, a new genus of Diapheromerinae stick insects (Insecta, Phasmatodea) from Brazil, with the description of five new species and a reassessment of species misplaced in Australian genera
Fig. 14. Arumatia anyami Ghirotto, Crispino & Neves gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MZUSP 1091).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.