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435 results for “Stream fish”
Data from: Demography predicts genetic effective size in a desert stream fish community
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Seasonality and interspecific competition shape individual niche variation in co-occurring tetra fish in Neotropical streams
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Morphological traits mediate fish occurrences in oil palm-impacted tropical streams
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Delayed adaptive radiation among New Zealand stream fishes: joint estimation of divergence time and trait evolution in a newly delineated island species flock
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Predatory impact of benthic fishes in an Appalachian stream at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1998
Streams are characterized by high degrees of patchiness that could influence the role of predators in these systems. Here we assess the impact of predatory benthic fishes on benthic macroinvertebrate density, biomass, and community structure at the patch scale in a fourth order stream in the southern Appalachians in 1998. We conducted this experiment from July to September 1998 in Ball Creek, a fourth order stream at the USDA Forest Service’s Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina. We tested the role of predation in two different patch types: patches inhabited by adult mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi ) and random patches. We placed 30 basket pairs (one open to fish predation, and one from which fish predators were excluded) in the streambed at each patch type. We also tested for potential basket effects by setting up a basket control area.
Data from: Fish assemblage convergence along stream environmental gradients: an intercontinental analysis
Species that pass through similar environmental filters, regardless of geographic proximity or evolutionary history, are expected to share many traits, resulting in similar assemblage trait distributions. Convergence of assemblage trait distributions among different biotic regions would indicate that consistent ecological processes produce repeated patterns of adaptive evolution. This study analyzes trait-environment relationships across multiple stream fish assemblages representing evolutionarily divergent faunas. We hypothesized that trait-environment patterns converge across regional faunas in response to a common set of environmental filters acting on functional traits. One hundred and ninety-seven species and forty streams were sampled from five regions: Belize, Benin, Brazil, Cambodia, and United States of America. By examining trait-environment plots, multiple congruent trait-environment patterns were found across all regions, indicative of a consistent set of environmental filters acting on local community assembly. The consistency of these patterns strongly suggests that water velocity and habitat structural complexity function as universal environmental filters, producing similar assemblage trait distributions in streams across all regions. Bivariate relationships were not universal, and only one of the associations between a single functional trait and single environmental variable was statistically significant across all five regions. Strong phylogenetic signal was found in traits and habitat use, which implies that niche conservatism also influenced assemblage trait distributions. Overall, results support the idea that habitat templates structure trait distributions of stream fish assemblages and do so in a consistent manner.
Code and data for lake and stream fish species richness and composition
<p>The code and data sets were used in the manuscript in press at the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, titled "Surface water connectivity affects lake and stream fish species richness and composition."</p>
Data from: Environmental and spatial effects on coastal stream fishes in the Atlantic rainforest
<p>Contemporary and historical factors influence assemblage structure. The environmental and spatial influences acting on fish organization of rainforest coastal streams in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil were examined. Fish (and functional traits such as morphology, diet, velocity preference, body size), environmental variables (pH, water conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, stream width, flow, depth, substrate) and altitude were measured from 59 stream reaches. Asymmetric eigenvector maps were used to model the spatial structure considering direction of fish movements. Elevation played an important role – fish abundance, biomass, and richness all decrease with increasing elevation. Fish communities are influenced by both environmental and spatial factors, but downstream movements were shown to be more important in explaining the observed spatial variation than were bidirectional and upstream movements. Spatial factors, as well as environmental variables influenced by the spatial structure, explained most of the variation in fish assemblages. The strong spatial structuring is probably attributable to asymmetric dispersal limitation along the altitudinal profile: dispersal is likely to be more limiting moving upstream than downstream. These fish assemblages reflect scale-dependent processes: at the stream reach-scale, fish respond to local environmental filters (habitat structure, water chemistry, and food supply), which are in turn influenced by a larger scale, namely the altitudinal gradient expected in steep coastal mountains. Thus, environmental drivers are not independent of spatial factors, and the effects of local factors can be confounded across the altitudinal gradient. These results may have implications for conservation, because downstream reaches are often neglected in management and conservation plans.</p>
Data from: The interaction of exposure and warming tolerance determines fish species vulnerability to warming stream temperatures
Species vulnerability to climate change involves an interaction between the magnitude of change (exposure) and a species' tolerance to change. We evaluated fish species vulnerability to predicted stream temperature increases by examining warming tolerances across the Wyoming fish assemblage. Warming tolerance combines stream temperature with a thermal tolerance metric to estimate how much warming beyond current conditions a species can withstand. Brown trout, rainbow trout, and burbot had the lowest warming tolerances and highest proportion of currently occupied sites that will become unsuitable under predicted temperature increases. These most vulnerable species were coldwater species, but had neither the lowest thermal tolerances, nor would they experience the greatest temperature increases. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interaction of exposure and warming tolerance when predicting climate change vulnerability and demonstrate an approach that can be applied broadly.
Data from: Rapid morphological divergence of a stream fish in response to changes in water flow
Recent evidence indicates that evolution can occur on a contemporary time scale. However, the precise timing and patterns of phenotypic change are not well known. Reservoir construction severely alters selective regimes in aquatic habitats due to abrupt cessation of water flow. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of evolution of a widespread North American stream fish (Pimephales vigilax) in response to stream impoundment. Gross morphological changes occurred in P. vigilax populations following dam construction in each of seven different rivers. Significant changes in body depth, head shape and fin placement were observed relative to fish populations that occupied the rivers prior to dam construction. These changes occurred over a very small number of generations and independent populations exhibited common responses to similar selective pressures. The magnitude of change was observed to be greatest in the first 15 generations post-impoundment, followed by continued but more gradual change thereafter. This pattern suggests early directional selection facilitated by phenotypic plasticity in the first 10–20 years, followed by potential stabilizing selection as populations reached a new adaptive peak (or variation became exhausted). This study provides evidence for rapid, apparently adaptive, phenotypic divergence of natural populations due to major environmental perturbations in a changing world.
Data from: Accounting for groundwater in stream fish thermal habitat responses to climate change
Forecasting climate change effects on aquatic fauna and their habitat requires an understanding of how water temperature responds to changing air temperature (i.e., thermal sensitivity). Previous efforts to forecast climate effects on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitat have generally assumed uniform air–water temperature relationships over large areas that cannot account for groundwater inputs and other processes that operate at finer spatial scales. We developed regression models that accounted for groundwater influences on thermal sensitivity from measured air–water temperature relationships within forested watersheds in eastern North America (Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA, 78 sites in nine watersheds). We used these reach-scale models to forecast climate change effects on stream temperature and brook trout thermal habitat, and compared our results to previous forecasts based upon large-scale models. Observed stream temperatures were generally less sensitive to air temperature than previously assumed, and we attribute this to the moderating effect of shallow groundwater inputs. Predicted groundwater temperatures from air–water regression models corresponded well to observed groundwater temperatures elsewhere in the study area. Predictions of brook trout future habitat loss derived from our fine-grained models were far less pessimistic than those from prior models developed at coarser spatial resolutions. However, our models also revealed spatial variation in thermal sensitivity within and among catchments resulting in a patchy distribution of thermally suitable habitat. Habitat fragmentation due to thermal barriers therefore may have an increasingly important role for trout population viability in headwater streams. Our results demonstrate that simple adjustments to air–water temperature regression models can provide a powerful and cost-effective approach for predicting future stream temperatures while accounting for effects of groundwater.
Data from: Habitat-based polymorphism is common in stream fishes
1. Morphological differences (size and shape) across habitats are common in lake fish where differences relate to two dominant contrasting habitats: the pelagic and littoral habitat. Repeated occurrence of littoral and pelagic morphs across multiple populations of several lake fish species has been considered as important evidence that polymorphism is adaptive in these systems. It has been suggested that these habitat-based polymorphic differences are due to the temporal stability of the differences between littoral and pelagic habitats. 2. Although streams are spatially heterogeneous, they are also more temporally dynamic than lakes and it is still an open question whether streams provide the environmental conditions that promote habitat-based polymorphism. We tested whether fish from riffle, run and pool habitats, respectively, differed consistently in their morphology. 3. Our test compared patterns of morphological variation (size and shape) in 10 fish species from the three stream habitat types in 36 separate streams distributed across three watersheds. 4. For most species, body size and shape (after controlling for body size) differed across riffle, run and pool habitats. Unlike many lake species, the nature of these differences was not consistent across species, possibly because these species use these habitat types in different ways. 5. Our results suggest that habitat-based polymorphism is an important feature also in stream-fishes despite the fact that streams are temporally variable in contrast to lake systems. Future research is required to assess whether the patterns of habitat-polymorphism encountered in streams have a genetic basis or they are simply the result of within generation phenotypic plasticity.
Data from: Using survival models to estimate invertebrate prey identification times in a generalist stream fish
Estimates of predator feeding rates are important for understanding trophic dynamics. One common method for quantifying feeding rates in fishes combine mass-based diet data with gastric evacuation times to estimate prey mass consumed per predator. An alternative approach is to estimate rates of prey individuals consumed using prey identification times − the time period over which prey remain identifiable in a predator's stomach. One challenge with the analysis of prey identification times, however, is that the response variable is likely to be censored because the 'true' prey identification time cannot be observed directly. Here, we applied survival analysis that can incorporate censored data to estimate the effects of predator body size, water temperature, and prey characteristics (type, count and body size) on identification times in reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus). We focused on seven types of prey that are common in this generalist predator's diet: mayflies (Ephemeroptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera), worms (Annelida), and sculpin eggs. An information-theoretic model comparison approach indicated that an accelerated failure-time Weibull model with all five covariates provided the best relative fit to the full dataset. Prey type had a strong effect on prey identification times, with annelid worms having the shortest times (< 1 hr) and caddisflies having the longest times (> 15 hrs). Water temperature decreased prey identification times (7.5% per 1°C increase), whereas prey count (i.e. meal size) increased prey identification times (15.5% per additional prey item). Sculpin body size had a weak negative effect on prey identification times (0.04% per 1 mm increase). Body sizes of some taxa, including mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies, increased prey identification times, leading to an interaction between prey type and prey size. Our study highlights the utility of survival analysis to quantify variation in prey identification times in the diets of generalist predators.
Data from: Indirect estimates of natal dispersal distance from genetic data in a stream-dwelling fish (Mogurnda adspersa)
Recent work has highlighted the need to account for hierarchical patterns of genetic structure when estimating evolutionary and ecological parameters of interest. This caution is particularly relevant to studies of riverine organisms, where hierarchical structure appears to be commonplace. Here we indirectly estimate dispersal distance in a hierarchically structured freshwater fish, Mogurnda adspersa. Microsatellite and mitochondrial (mtDNA) data were obtained for 443 individuals across 27 sites separated by an average of 1.3 kilometers within creeks of southeastern Queensland, Australia. Significant genetic structure was found among sites (mtDNA ΦST = 0.508; microsatellite FST = 0.225, F′ST = 0.340). Various clustering methods produced congruent patterns of hierarchical structure reflecting stream architecture. Partial mantel tests identified contiguous sets of sample sites where isolation-by-distance (IBD) explained FST variation without significant contribution of hierarchical structure. Analysis of mean natal dispersal distance (σ) within sets of IBD-linked sample sites suggested most dispersal occurs over <1 km and the average effective density (De) was estimated at 11.5 individuals.km-1; indicating sedentary behaviour and small effective population size are responsible for the remarkable patterns of genetic structure observed. Our results demonstrate that Rousset's regression-based method is applicable to estimating the scale of dispersal in riverine organisms, and that identifying contiguous populations which satisfy the assumptions of this model is achievable with genetic clustering methods and partial correlations.
Data from: Population variation in density-dependent growth, mortality and their trade-off in a stream fish
<ol> <li>Important variation in the shape and strength of density-dependent growth and mortality is observed across animal populations. Understanding this population variation is critical for predicting density-dependent relationships in natural populations, but comparisons among studies are challenging as studies differ in methodologies and in local environmental conditions.</li> <li>Consequently, it is unclear whether: (1) the shape and strength of density-dependent growth and mortality are population-specific; (2) the potential trade-off between density-dependent growth and mortality differs among populations; and (3) environmental characteristics can be related to population differences in density-dependent relationships.</li> <li>To elucidate these uncertainties, we manipulated the density (0.3-7 fish/m<sup>2</sup>) of young-of-the-year brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) simultaneously in three neighboring populations in a field experiment in Newfoundland, Canada. Within each population, our experiment included both spatial (three sites per stream) and temporal (three consecutive summers) replication.</li> <li>We detected temporally consistent population variation in the shape of density-dependent growth (negative linear and negative logarithmic), but not for mortality (positive logarithmic). The strength of density-dependent growth across populations was reduced in sections with a high percentage of boulder substrate, whereas density-dependent mortality increased with increasing flow, water temperature, and more acidic pH. Neighbouring populations exhibited different mortality-growth trade-offs: the ratio of mortality-to-growth increased linearly with increasing density at different rates across populations (up to 4-fold differences), but also increased with increasing temperature.</li> <li>Our results are some of the first to demonstrate temporally consistent, population-specific density-dependent relationships and trade-offs at small spatial scales that match the magnitude of interspecific variation observed across the globe. Furthermore, key environmental characteristics explain some of these differences in predictable ways. Such population differences merit further attention in models of density-dependence and in science-based management of animal populations.</li> </ol>
Data from: Stream hierarchy defines riverscape genetics of a North American desert fish
Global climate change is apparent within the Arctic and the south-western deserts of North America, with record drought in the latter reflected within 640 000 km2 of the Colorado River Basin. To discern the manner by which natural and anthropogenic drivers have compressed Basin-wide fish biodiversity, and to establish a baseline for future climate effects, the Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) was employed to juxtapose fluvial topography against molecular diversities of 1092 Bluehead Sucker (Catostomus discobolus). MtDNA revealed three geomorphically defined evolutionarily significant units (ESUs): Bonneville Basin, upper Little Colorado River and the remaining Colorado River Basin. Microsatellite analyses (16 loci) reinforced distinctiveness of the Bonneville Basin and upper Little Colorado River, but subdivided the Colorado River Basin into seven management units (MUs). One represents a cline of three admixed gene pools comprising the mainstem and its lower-gradient tributaries. Six others are not only distinct genetically but also demographically (i.e. migrants/generation <9.7%). Two of these (i.e. Grand Canyon and Canyon de Chelly) are defined by geomorphology, two others (i.e. Fremont-Muddy and San Raphael rivers) are isolated by sharp declivities as they drop precipitously from the west slope into the mainstem Colorado/Green rivers, another represents an isolated impoundment (i.e. Ringdahl Reservoir), while the last corresponds to a recognized subspecies (i.e. Zuni River, NM). Historical legacies of endemic fishes (ESUs) and their evolutionary potential (MUs) are clearly represented in our data, yet their arbiter will be the unrelenting natural and anthropogenic water depletions that will precipitate yet another conservation conflict within this unique but arid region.
Data from: Invasion of the Hawaiian Islands by a parasite infecting imperiled stream fishes
Points of origin and pathways of spread are often poorly understood for introduced parasites that drive disease emergence in imperiled native species. Co-introduction of parasites with non-native hosts is of particular concern in remote areas like the Hawaiian Islands, where the introduced nematode Camallanus cotti has become the most prevalent parasite of at-risk native stream fishes. In this study, we evaluated the prevailing hypothesis that C. cotti entered the Hawaiian Islands with poeciliid fishes from the Americas, and spread by translocation of poeciliid hosts across the archipelago for mosquito control. We also considered the alternative hypothesis of multiple independent co-introductions with host fishes originating from Asia. We inferred conduits of introduction and spread of C. cotti across the archipelago from geographic patterns of mtDNA sequence variation and allelic variation across 11 newly developed microsatellite markers. The distribution of haplotypes suggests that C. cotti spread across the archipelago following an initial introduction on O'ahu. Approximate Bayesian Computation modeling and allelic variation also indicate that O'ahu is the most likely location of introduction, from which C. cotti dispersed to Maui followed by spread to the other islands in the archipelago. Evidence of significant genetic structure across islands indicates that contemporary dispersal is limited. Our findings parallel historical records of non-native poeciliid introductions and suggest that remediating invasion hotspots could reduce the risk of infection in native stream fishes, which illustrates how inferences on parasite co-introductions can improve conservation efforts by guiding responses to emerging infectious disease in species of concern.
Thermal tolerance of fish to heatwaves in agricultural streams: What does not kill you makes you stronger?
<p>Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and intensity under climate change. Freshwater ecosystems are among the most thermally impacted systems, within which agricultural streams are experiencing the most extreme heatwaves and deserve prioritized focus. Heatwaves are approaching the upper thermal limits of many fishes but have received little attention to date.</p> <p>To study whether and how fish tolerate heatwaves from a physiological perspective, we simulated single, multiple, and extended heatwaves at 32 and 34 °C in the laboratory, based on high-resolution summer temperatures recorded in agricultural vs. forested streams in Illinois, USA.</p> <p>By investigating the effects of heatwaves on 25 °C acclimated fathead minnow <i>Pimephales promelas</i>, an important prey species across North America, we witnessed its high thermal resilience, including a rapid return to metabolic homeostasis after single and multiple heatwaves, measured by oxygen consumption rate (<i>Ṁ</i>O<sub>2</sub>). During extended heatwave, fathead minnow were still able to lower <i>Ṁ</i>O<sub>2</sub> after the initial exposure, despite without complete thermal compensation. We also found transient increases in their critical thermal maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>), especially after higher intensity and frequency of heatwaves. However, the thermal resilience of fathead minnow did come with costs, including reduced anaerobic capacity indicated by decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity and impaired antioxidant defense indicated by reduced superoxide dismutase in white muscle.</p> <p>By monitoring metabolic costs and physiological adjustments of fish during and after heatwaves, we showed that fathead minnow were resilient to simulated current and near-future heatwaves, which may allow them to cope with thermal extremes expected in agricultural streams.</p> <p>Overall, the real-time monitoring of fish responses to heatwaves incorporates natural dynamics of thermal patterns. It facilitates the mechanistic understandings of how fish react to thermal challenges in the real world and offers opportunities to incorporate high-resolution metabolic costs into future bioenergetic modeling.</p>
Data from: A new composite abundance metric detects stream fish declines and community homogenization during six decades of invasions
<p><b>Aim</b>:<b> </b>We developed a new technique, utilizing species-specific counts of individuals from historical fish community samples, to examine landscape-level, spatiotemporal trends in relative abundance distributions. Abundance-based historical distribution analyses are often plagued by data comparability issues, but provide critical information about community composition trends inaccessible to those using analyses based only on species presence-absence. We established trends in native and non-native fish abundance and community homogenization, uniqueness, and diversity to help local conservation managers prioritize targets and motivate similar studies globally to support fish conservation.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Upper and middle New River (UMNR) basin, Appalachian Mountains, USA.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: We compiled catch data from 61 years of fish community surveys (1958-2019) and tested for community homogenization by comparing data from repeatedly sampled sites (1900s versus 2000s samples) using dispersion analyses. We measured community uniqueness (site contributions to beta diversity) and species diversity (Shannon index) at sampled streams to identify potential conservation hotspots. We then used regression analyses and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to examine species-specific basin-wide and local abundance trends and identify species of potential conservation concern.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Dispersion of sites in species-abundance space was significantly greater in the 1900s compared to the 2000s, indicating homogenization had occurred. Of 36 native species analyzed, 44.4% (16) showed basin-wide declines. Non-native species exhibited mixed patterns; site-level abundance increased in 2 of 15 species analyzed (13%).</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our results indicate basin-wide community homogenization has occurred within the UMNR, but many unique and diverse communities persist. If conserved, these could help maintain regional fish diversity. We found basin-wide declines in four endemic species, as well as spread patterns of non-native and native species that were not detected by a presence-absence analysis applied within the same study area. This finding illustrates the importance of considering both species' abundance and occurrence patterns as separate dimensions of biodiversity to inform conservation planning.</p>
Relationship between eDNA concentration from metabarcoding method and stream fish density under field conditions
<p><span>Estimating abundance or biomass using eDNA metabarcoding is a powerful emerging tool </span><span>that may </span><span>provide an alternative to conventional laborious methods for biological monitoring. However, inferring aquatic macroorganism abundance or biomass using eDNA concentrations remains challenging</span><span>, especially in lotic environments</span><span>, because of several potential confounding factors. In this study, we tested whether quantitative eDNA metabarcoding that uses internal standard DNA can be used to estimate the abundance of four fish species. We collected eDNA samples and concurrently estimated fish densities using the conventional removal method in small tributaries in four seasons during a year. The effects of potential confounding factors</span><span>,</span><span> including the body mass of the individuals, water temperature, and discharge volume</span><span>,</span><span> were assessed using an allometric scaling model. We found an increasing trend of eDNA concentration against the increase in abundance across all species. In the most abundant species, </span><span>a </span><span>significant increase in the precision of predicted abundance was achieved by considering confounding factors, such as season and discharge. Although this study successfully determined the relationships between eDNA concentration and fish abundance under lotic field conditions, it also identified several limitations of quantitative eDNA metabarcoding. The relationship between eDNA concentration and fish abundance in rare species showed significant variances in the </span><span>regression</span><span>. More sequencing depth may be necessary to detect rare species sufficiently. The eDNA concentration estimation error effect was significant</span><span>, </span><span>particularly among the samples that showed the same abundance figures by direct capture estimation. The utilization of quantitative eDNA metabarcoding may be suitable for organisms that are expected to have a substantial variation in their population density. More comparative studies with various conventional methods would be informative</span><span>,</span><span> especially in lotic field environments, to overcome these limitations and achieve wider applications of eDNA metabarcoding in future research and monitoring.</span></p>
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