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955 results for “Subtropical”
Long-term nitrogen addition alters the community and energy channel but not diversity of soil nematodes in a subtropical forest
Summary <ol> <li>Research has indicated that increases in nitrogen (N) deposition can greatly affect ecosystem processes and functions. There is limited information about the effects of long-term N addition on soil nematodes and their functional composition, although nematodes are the most abundant multicellular animals on Earth.</li> <li>We conducted a field experiment in 2004 with four levels of N addition (0, 60, 120, and 240 kg N ha<sup>-1 </sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>) in a subtropical <i>Cunninghamia lanceolata</i> forest. Soil samples with three depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) were collected and the community structure, diversity and trophic groups of soil nematodes were determined in 2014.</li> <li>N addition significantly increased the abundance of bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematodes, but decreased the abundance of plant-feeding nematodes at the 0-20 cm soil layer. Accordingly, the plant parasite index and enrichment index decreased but the basal index and channel index increased, which weaken the importance of the plant-based energy channel, but enhance the importance of the fungal-based energy channel. N addition had no effects on the diversity of soil nematodes in three soil depths. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that N loading directly changed plant-feeding (total <i>r<sup>2</sup></i>=0.42) nematodes, or indirectly affected bacterial- (<i>r<sup>2</sup></i>=0.43), fungal- (<i>r<sup>2</sup></i>=0.31) and plant-feeding nematodes via change soil nutrients, soil water content and pH.</li> <li>These findings suggest that N addition can change the community structure and energy channels soil nematodes, which would affect soil processes and food web functions in forest soils under future environmental change scenarios.</li> </ol>
Forest biomass in subtropical Andes: Plots data
<p>Forest biomass plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Therefore, understanding the factors that control forest biomass stocks and dynamics is a key challenge in the context of global change. We analyzed data from 60 forest plots in the subtropical Andes (22-27.5° S and 300-2300 m asl) to describe patterns and identify drivers of aboveground biomass (AGB) stocks and dynamics. We found that AGB stocks remained roughly constant with elevation due to compensating changes in basal area (which increased with elevation) and plot-mean wood specific gravity (which decreased with elevation). AGB gain and loss rates both decreased with elevation and were explained mainly by temperature and rainfall (positive effects on both AGB gains and losses). AGB gain was also correlated with forest use history and weakly correlated with forest structure. Mean annual temperature and rainfall showed minor effects on AGB stocks and AGB change (gains minus losses) over recent decades. Although AGB change was only weakly correlated with climate variables, increases in AGB gains and losses with increasing rainfall – together with observed increases in rainfall in the subtropical Andes – suggest that these forests may become increasingly dynamic in the future.</p>
Figure 5 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 5. Dendrogram from cluster analysis with the Jaccard index method (dissimilarity shown by Weight 1-Jaccard index) grouping the four anuran taxocenoses (red highlight – BR-470, MGAN, SC-370 and BR-116) with other taxocenoses from the southern region of Brazil (Table 3). The red line represents the criterion of 40% dissimilarity.
Figure 4 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 4. Rarefaction/extrapolation curves with their respective confidence intervals (95%) of the four sampled anuran taxocenoses: BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470), Santa Catarina state; Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN), Santa Catarina state; SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370), Santa Catarina state;and BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116), Paraná state.
Figure 2 in Anuran diversity of four taxocenoses of the subtropical Atlantic Forest from Santa Catarina and Paraná states Brazil
Figure 2. Map showing collection of breeding sites in the four localities studied: (A) BR-116 highway between Curitiba and Mandirituba municipalities (BR-116 – n = 13), Paraná state; (B) BR-470 highway between Ilhota and Indaial municipalities (BR-470 – n = 16), Santa Catarina state; (C) Angelina and Major Gercino municipalities (MGAN – n = 13), Santa Catarina state; (D) SC-370 highway in Urubici municipality (SC-370 – n = 14), Santa Catarina state.
Data from: Vertical gradients in species richness and community composition across the twilight zone in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Although metazoan animals in the mesopelagic zone play critical roles in deep pelagic food webs and in the attenuation of carbon in midwaters, the diversity of these assemblages is not fully known. A metabarcoding survey of mesozooplankton diversity across the epipelagic, mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones (0-1500m) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre revealed far higher estimates of species richness than expected given prior morphology-based studies in the region (4,024 OTUs, 10-fold increase), despite conservative bioinformatic processing. OTU richness of the full assemblage peaked at lower epipelagic-upper mesopelagic depths (100-300m), with slight shoaling of maximal richness at night due to diel vertical migration, in contrast to expectations of a deep mesopelagic diversity maximum as reported for several plankton groups in early systematic and zoogeographic studies. Four distinct depth-stratified species assemblages were identified, with faunal transitions occurring at 100m, 300m, and 500m. Highest diversity occurred in the smallest zooplankton size fractions (0.2-0.5mm), which had significantly lower % OTUs classified due to poor representation in reference databases, suggesting a deep reservoir of poorly understood diversity in the smallest metazoan animals. A diverse meroplankton assemblage also was detected (350 OTUs), including larvae of both shallow and deep living benthic species. Our results provide some of the first insights into the hidden diversity present in zooplankton assemblages in midwaters, and a molecular reappraisal of vertical gradients in species richness, depth distributions, and community composition for the full zooplankton assemblage across the epipelagic, mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones.
Data from: Testing for human impacts in the mismatch of living and dead ostracode assemblages at nested spatial scales in subtropical lakes from the Bahamian archipelago
Naturally time-averaged accumulations of skeletal remains – death assemblages – provide reliable, albeit temporally coarse, information on the species composition and structure of communities in diverse settings, and their mismatch with local living communities usually signals recent human-driven ecological change. Here, we present the first test of live-dead mismatch as an indicator of human stress using ostracodes. On three islands along a gradient of human population density in the Bahamas, we compared the similarity of living and death assemblages in ten lakes with relatively low levels of human stress to live-dead similarity in eleven physically comparable lakes subject to industrial, agricultural, or other human activities currently or in the past. We find that live-dead agreement in pristine lakes is consistently excellent, boding well for using death assemblages in modern-day and paleolimnological biodiversity assessments. In most comparison of physically-similar paired lakes, sample-level live-dead mismatch in both taxonomic composition and species' rank-abundance is on average significantly greater in the stressed lake; live-dead agreement is not lower in all samples from stressed lakes, but is more variable. When samples are pooled for lake-level and island-level comparisons, stressed lakes still yield lower live-dead agreement but the significance of the difference with pristine lakes decreases – species that occur dead-only (or alive-only) in one sample are likely to occur alive (or dead) in other samples. Inter-island differences in live-dead agreement are congruent with, but not significantly correlated with, differences in human population density. This situation arises from heterogeneity in the timing and magnitudes of stresses and in the extent of post-stress recovery. Live-dead mismatch in ostracode assemblages thus may be a reliable indicator of human impact at the sample-level with the potential to be a widely-applicable tool for identifying impacted habitats, and perhaps, monitor the progress of their recovery.
Data from: Within-individual leaf trait response to local light availability and biodiversity in a subtropical forest experiment
<p>This dataset contains 15 leaf traits and the relative light availability from 400 trees at sub-individual level. Leaf samples were collected in August and September 2017 in the BEF-China main experiment (site A) in different sampling heights within the individuals. Samples were taken in 66 plots across all diversity levels of the experimental site. Leaf traits were analysed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Available leaf traits are LDMC, SLA, leaf N, leaf C, CN ratio, leaf Mg, leaf Ca, leaf K, leaf P, leaf S, cellulose, lignin, phenolics and tannin. Additionally, light data is available for each height level.</p>
Carbon, water and energy fluxes at the subtropical forest in Kaziranga National Park in India
<p>This dataset contains measured and modeled records of gross primary productivity (GPP), sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from 2016 to 2018 at the Kaziranga National Park, India. The measured fluxes are obtained from eddy covariance technique at the flux tower established by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Pune as part of the MetFlux India network funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), the Government of India, whereas the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM) at the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA is used to simulate these fluxes. Additionally, the leaf area index (LAI) and meteorological measurements used as the model input are also included in this dataset. </p>
Diversity, species coexistence, and functional composition patterns in subtropical Atlantic Forests invaded by non-native trees
<ol> <li>Biological invasions are a major environmental challenge today. Interactions between invasive and native species can significantly shape community structures, influencing co-existence, diversity, and functional composition of species. The subtropical Atlantic forest in southern Brazil, a recognized biodiversity hotspot, provides a unique setting to study these interactions, given its vulnerability to alien tree invasions. </li> <li>Our study sought to elucidate the impacts of such invasions on this fragile ecosystem by addressing key questions: 1) How are tree community diversity patterns affected by the abundance of invading alien tree species? 2) What are the patterns of coexistence between native and alien invasive trees? 3) Is the functional composition of the forests altered by the abundance of invasive trees?</li> <li>To address these questions, we compiled data on the abundance and functional traits of native and invasive trees. We determined the diversity patterns and functional composition of plots with different degrees of invasion. These data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, Principal Component Analysis, and a coexistence index.</li> <li>In plots with a higher abundance of invasive trees, there was a significant decrease in the taxonomic and functional richness of native species. Furthermore, we observed that invasive alien trees coexisted with native species, and as the abundance of invasive trees increased, the native community weighted mean (CWM) of the leaf area and specific leaf area decreased.</li> <li>In conclusion, within the subtropical Atlantic forest areas of southern Brazil, our findings highlight that the abundance of invasive trees adversely affects the taxonomic and functional richness of native species. Furthermore, while invasive alien trees were found to coexist with native species, increased invasive abundance corresponded to a reduction in the leaf area and the specific leaf area of the native community.</li> </ol>
Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure
<p>Beta-diversity, or the spatio-temporal variation in community composition, can be partitioned into turnover and nestedness components in a multidimensional framework. Forest structure, including comprehensive characteristics of vertical and horizontal complexity, strongly affects species composition and its spatial variation. However, the effects of forest structure on beta-diversity patterns in multidimensional and multiple-scale contexts are poorly understood. Here, we assessed beta-diversity at local (a 20-ha forest dynamics plot) and regional (a plot network composed of 19 1-ha plots) scales in a Chinese subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. We then evaluated the relative importance of forest structure, topography, and spatial structure on beta-diversity and its turnover and nestedness components in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions at local and regional scales. We derived forest structural parameters from both unmanned aerial vehicle light detection and ranging (UAV LiDAR) data and plot inventory data. Turnover component dominated total beta-diversity for all dimensions at the two scales. With the exception of some components (taxonomic and functional turnover at the local scale; functional nestedness at the regional scale), environmental factors (i.e., topography and forest structure) contributed more than pure spatial variation. Explanations of forest structure for beta-diversity and its component patterns at the local scale were higher than those at the regional scale. The joint effects of spatial structure and forest structure influenced component patterns in all dimensions (except for functional turnover) to some extent at the local scale, while pure forest structure influenced taxonomic and phylogenetic nestedness patterns to some extent at the regional scale. Our results highlight the importance and scale dependence of forest structure in shaping multidimensional beta-diversity and its component patterns. Clearly, further studies need to link forest structure directly to ecological processes (e.g., asymmetric light competition and disturbance dynamics) and explore its roles in biodiversity maintenance.</p>
Rapid positive response of young trees growth to warming reverses nitrogen loss from subtropical soil
<ol> <li>Global warming is widely expected to alter nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems by accelerating N transformations in soils. However, it is unclear how warming will affect plant–soil N cycling in subtropical ecosystems.</li> <li>Here, we measured the N transformations including net ammoniation, nitrification, nitrous oxide emissions, and nitrate in soil solution throughout the plant–soil continuum with two years of experimental soil warming (+5 °C) in a young subtropical Chinese fir mesocosm. Seasonal variations of soil and plant (foliage and root) N concentrations and isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N), foliar water use efficiency, and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rate were measured.</li> <li>Soil warming significantly increased net ammoniation and nitrification of the soil, together with the transient positive response observed in inorganic N of the soil. Warming increased nitrate N fluxes in soil solution and nitrous oxide emissions in the first year but not in the second year, suggesting N losses through leaching and gaseous in the initial period of warming. Warming primarily induced enrichment of <sup>15</sup>N in foliage relative to the soil, which was attributed to the trade-offs of persistent increases in plant N uptake caused by enhanced tree growth and a decrease in N losses with continuous warming.</li> <li>Warming significantly increased arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and foliar water use efficiency throughout the warming period. These results suggest that young trees' growth and N uptake can rapidly acclimate to warming by mechanisms including increases in plant water use efficiency and mycorrhizal colonization.</li> <li>Our findings highlight that warming accelerates the plant–soil N cycle and promotes young trees' growth and N uptake, which in turn reduces soil N lost from this subtropical ecosystem. Therefore, our study suggests that the competition for N between plants and microbes governs whether subtropical forests are opened or closed N cycle systems under climate warming. We highlight that young trees can still maintain their high productivity in facing future climate warming since warming can improve plant N uptake and reduce N loss from subtropical ecosystems. </li> </ol>
The effect of neighbor species' phylogenetic and trait difference on tree growth in subtropical forests
<p>To comprehensively understand ecological dynamics within a forest ecosystem, it is vital to explore how surrounding trees influence the growth of individual trees in a community. Biotic interactions have a significant potential impacts on individual tree growth and their effects can be evaluated through trait and phylogenetic-based approaches. This study investigates the relative importance of biotic interactions on tree growth by examining several metrics and considering three classes of intrinsic growth rates among the focal individuals: slower, intermediate and faster-growing trees. The metrics include hierarchical and absolute trait differences of focal trees to neighbors, neighborhood crowding index, phylogenetic distance, and trait community metrics. Our results indicated that the phylogenetic distance between the focal tree and its neighbors positively impacted the growth of all classes, whereas different traits have distinct effects on slower and faster-growing trees. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area (LA) showed hierarchical importance to tree growth. Trees surrounded by neighbors with higher SLA and LA than themselves grow better, particularly for slower-growing trees. Higher levels of wood density difference between the focal trees and their neighbors positively impacts slower and faster-growing trees, while height difference negatively impacts faster-growing trees. We conclude that the interactions between trees are mediated by their ecological differences, but the performance and responses to surrounding competitors vary along with their growth class within a community. This study has revealed that the tree's intrinsic growth rate mediates the effect of traits and phylogeny of surrounding trees on individual tree growth.</p>
Data from: Contrasting depth-related fine root plastic responses to soil warming in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
<p>Warming-induced soil drought especially in topsoil may enlarge the spatial mismatch between nutrients and water along the soil profile, which impedes the uptake of not only water but also nutrients by trees. Therefore, coordinating the acquisition of soil water and nutrients along the soil profile is an important strategy for trees to cope with global warming.</p> <p>This study examined soil depth-related changes in nutrient concentrations, biomass, and morphology of fine roots in a Chinese fir plantation after 3 years of large-scale manipulative soil warming.</p> <p>Soil warming (ambient + 4°C) increased fine root nitrogen (N) concentrations but decreased fine root phosphorus (P) concentrations across soil depths. Warming did not affect total fine root biomass and its vertical distribution. At the 0–10 cm depth, warming increased specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), fine root diameter (RD), and root length density (RLD) but reduced root tissue density (RTD). In the 40–60 cm layer, warming reduced RD, SRL, and RLD while increasing RTD mainly for roots of the 1–2 mm diameter class.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: We concluded that roots of Chinese fir plantations could adapt to warming-induced moderate water stress through contrasting depth-related root morphological adjustments, probably to optimize the acquisition of both soil water and nutrients. The results of this study are crucial for understanding the adaptation strategies of subtropical forests under future climate conditions.</p>
Niche and neutral-based processes differ in importance for common and rare species in a metacommunity of anurans in subtropical grasslands
<p>Most species-rich communities consist of a limited number of common species and many rare species. This widespread ecological pattern can arise due to the predominance of either niche-based or neutral-based processes in community structuring. We tested two hypotheses related to this pattern for an anuran metacommunity composed of 35 species distributed in 187 ponds in the South Brazilian grasslands: (1) for common species, niche processes should prevail over neutral ones because common species evolved under a wider range of ecological filters than rare species; (2) for rare species, neutral processes should prevail because rare species are more prone to ecological drift and dispersion limitation. We found that the densities of both common (i.e., the 25% higher density ones) and rare (i.e., the 75% lower density ones) species depended mostly on pond structure and land use, indicating a similar response to niche-based processes in both groups of species. The importance of pond descriptors and type of land use, however, differed between the two groups, confirming that common and rare species represent ecologically distinct groups within the metacommunity. In addition, neutral processes—related to dispersion limitation or not—influenced both species groups, but the spatial filters selected explained a smaller portion of the variation in species densities compared to environmental descriptors. Our findings showcase the prevalence of niche processes in structuring communities of common and rare species of anurans in subtropical grasslands and indicate the variables of pond structure and land use that are relevant to guide conservation practices for the metacommunity of anurans in the South Brazilian grasslands. </p>
Drought shortens subtropical understory growing season by advancing leaf senescence
<p>Subtropical forests, recognized for their intricate vertical canopy stratification, exhibit high resistance to extreme drought. However, the response of leaf phenology to drought in the species-rich understory remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a digital camera system, amassing over 360,000 images through a 70% throughfall exclusion experiment, to explore the drought response of understory leaf phenology. The results revealed a significant advancement in understory leaf senescence phenology under drought, with 11.75 and 15.76 days for the start and end of the leaf-falling event, respectively. Pre-season temperature primarily regulated leaf development phenology, whereas soil water dominated the variability in leaf senescence phenology. Under drought conditions, temperature sensitivities for the end of leaf emergence decreased from -13.72 days ℃<sup>-1</sup> to -11.06 days ℃<sup>-1</sup>, with insignificance observed for the start of leaf emergence. Consequently, drought treatment shortened both the length of the growing season (15.69 days) and the peak-growth season (9.80 days) for understory plants. Moreover, this study identified diverse responses among intra- and inter-species to drought, particularly during the leaf development phase. These findings underscore the pivotal role of water availability in shaping understory phenology patterns, especially in subtropical forests.</p>
Figure 72 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean
Figure 72: Distribution map of Alexandrium species from this study in the Mexican Pacific.
Datasets of submesoscale circulations in the subtropical northeastern Pacific
<p>Dataset of results in Interannual variations of submesoscale circulations in the subtropical northeastern Pacific (Sasaki et al., 2022) based on a submesoscale permitting hindcast simulation. Please see the dataset list in README.txt.</p>
Species-level CWM values mask contrasting intra- vs interspecific trait shifts at subtropical forest edges
<p>Altered microclimatic conditions and higher disturbance at forest edges create environmental stress and modify resource gradients from edge to interior, changing the selection pressures acting on individuals. Although community-weighted trait-mean (CWM) shifts along edge gradients have been widely documented at the species level, it is unclear how edge effects act at the individual level, and whether the direction of intraspecific trait shifts mirrors that of CWM shifts in response to edge effects. On 20 islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, we established 484 plots (2×2 m) in a stratified random design across distances of 0 – 128 m from the forest edge. Within each plot, we sampled leaves (n=34,768) from within and among all 2,993 individuals of 68 species and measured five leaf traits (leaf area, LA; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf dry matter content, LDMC; thickness, LT; chlorophyll content, LCC). Using generalized linear mixed models, we found that different leaf traits exhibited contrasting shifts in inter- vs. intraspecific trait variation in response to edge effects. For SLA, LT, and LCC, negative covariance between inter- and intraspecific trait shifts resulted in dampening of community-wide trends compared to CWM response to edge effects. In contrast, the community-wide trend for LDMC was reinforced due to positive covariance between inter- and intraspecific trait shifts, while for LA the direction of covariance shifted from negative to positive on small vs. large islands. Together, edge effects alter selection regimes in reassembling plant communities. Predicting the community-wide consequences depends on the degree to which there is negative vs. positive covariance between species sorting and within-species adaptation. The widely-used CWM approach can mask contrasting trait selection pressures acting on individuals within local populations. Individual-level trait variation can improve understanding of community re-assembly trajectories in response to global environmental change.</p>
Data from: Trait hierarchies are stronger than trait dissimilarities in structuring spatial co-occurrence patterns of common tree species in a subtropical forest
<p>1. The dissimilarity and hierarchy of trait values that characterize niche and fitness differences, respectively, have been increasingly applied to infer mechanisms driving community assembly and to explain species co-occurrence patterns. Here, we predict that limiting similarity should result in the spatial segregation of functionally similar species, while functionally similar species will be more likely to co-occur either due to environmental filtering or competitive exclusion of inferior competitors (hereafter hierarchical competition).</p> <p>2. We used a fully mapped 50-ha subtropical forest plot in southern China to explore how pairwise spatial associations between saplings and between adult trees were influenced by trait dissimilarity and hierarchy in order to gain insight into assembly mechanisms. We assessed pairwise spatial associations using two summary statistics of spatial point patterns at different spatial scales and compared the effects of trait dissimilarity and trait hierarchy of different functional traits on the interspecific spatial associations. These comparisons allow us to disentangle the effects of limiting similarity, environmental filtering and hierarchical competition on species co-occurrence.</p> <p>3. We found that trait dissimilarity was generally negatively related with interspecific spatial associations for both saplings and adult trees across spatial scales, meaning that species with similar trait values were more likely to co-occur and thus supporting environmental filtering or hierarchical competition. We further found that trait hierarchy outweighed trait dissimilarity in structuring pairwise spatial associations, suggesting that hierarchical competition played a more important role in structuring our forest community than environmental filtering across life stages.</p> <p>4. This study employed a novel method, by offering the integration of pairwise spatial association and trait dissimilarity as well as trait hierarchy, to disentangle the relative importance of multiple assembly mechanisms in structuring co-occurrence patterns, especially the mechanisms of environmental filtering and hierarchical competition, which lead to indistinguishable co-occurrence patterns. This study also reinforced the importance of trait hierarchy rather than trait dissimilarity in driving neighborhood competition.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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