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Figure 4 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 4. Allometric comparison of different life-history traits of pachypleurosaurs and Simosaurus to extant reptiles. (a) Mass at birth vs. body mass, (b) age at which sexual maturity is reached vs. body mass, (c) longevity vs. body mass, and (d) maximum growth rates vs. body mass. In all panels black triangles mark extant reptile species, red symbols pachypleurosaurs, and black crosses the nothosaur genus Simosaurus (values taken from Klein and Griebeler, 2016). Red squares = Dactylosaurus, circles = Anarosaurus, triangles = aff. N. pusillus, triangle with cross = N. pusillus, asterisk = N. edwardsii, and diamond = Serpianosaurus. Ordinary least squares regression lines and 95 % prediction intervals are shown for extant species. Varanus niloticus (grey triangle) is highlighted because it is only somewhat larger than the pachypleurosaurs studied here. Data on body mass, mass at birth (N = 782), age at which sexual maturity is reached (N = 411), and longevity (N = 1014) of extant squamates are compiled from Scharf et al. (2015). Data on body mass and maximum growth rate of reptiles (squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, N = 66) are taken from Werner and Griebeler (2014). Masses at birth of pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) are larger than expected from the 95 % prediction interval for a similar-sized squamate, whereas pachypleurosaurs longevities and maximum growth rates (including that of Simosaurus) almost fit within the respective intervals. The majority of pachypleurosaurs reach sexual maturity earlier than expected for a similar-sized squamate. Overall, pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) have a considerably higher mass at birth and they clearly mature earlier than a similar-sized squamate.

Figure 3 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 3. Growth record and established growth models for pachypleurosaurs. The statistically best growth models are shown for each specimen. These have the highest Akaike weights (Burnham and Anderson, 2002) compared to the others which were also applicable to the growth record of the specific specimen (see Table S1). Specimens are marked by colors. Growth curves on the same specimen are marked by different line types (solid, dotted) in equal color. Parameter values of models and fitting statistics are summarized in Table S1. Neusticosaurus pusillus specimens SMNS 92125 and SMNS 50372c are from the Germanic Basin (aff. N. pusillus), and specimens PIMUZ T 4178 and PIMUZ T 4211 are from the Alpine Triassic.

Figure 2 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 2. Growth record in Dactylosaurus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Muschelkalk, early Anisian), in aff. N. pusillus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Keuper, late Ladinian) and in Neusticosaurus spp. and in Serpianosaurus from the Alpine Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian). (a) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 92125. (b) N. pusillus PIMUZ T 4211. (c) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 50372c. (d) Dactylosaurus MB.R.786. (e) Dactylosaurus MB.R. 776.2. (f) N. edwardsii PIMUZ T4758. (g) Serpianosaurus PIMUZ T 4510. (h) Wijk 09-472. Abbreviations: sc, subcycles; sm, sexual maturity. Panels (a, b, d, e) are in normal light, (c, h) are in polarized light, and (f, g) are in polarized light with gypsum filter (lambda). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 1. Details of medulla, bone tissue, and vascularization of Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian (Lower Muschelkalk; Germanic Basin) and aff. N. pusillus from the late Ladinian (Lower Keuper; Germanic Basin). (a) Medullary region distally to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 801.2. consisting of small round erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and embedded in a matrix of calcified cartilage. The medullary region is surrounded by a sharp line (arrow). (b) Medullary region closer to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 771.5 displaying a small free cavity, a few small erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and calcified cartilage at the border to the periosteal region all encompassed by a sharp line (arrow). Around the medullary cavity slow-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue is visible. (c) The medullary region and inner cortex in aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372b is nearly completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by the sharp line (arrow), although the sample was taken nearly at the midshaft. Scattered longitudinal primary osteons occur in this sample. (d) Cross section of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 58025a which shows an irregular medullary region and remodeling in form of erosion cavities scattered into the periosteal bone. (e) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372c. The medullary region consists of few small erosion cavities and endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of fast-deposited hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. (f) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 92125. The medullary region consists of a small cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone, which are encompassed by a sharp line and calcified cartilage. The innermost cortex is made of a slow-deposited hatchling bone tissue. (g) Cross section of N. pusillus humerus PIMUZ T 3975. The medullary region is completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by some erosion cavities. (h) Medullary region and inner cortex at midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 776.2 showing a free cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone. On the right side are remains of preserved fast-deposited (i.e., less organized) hatchling bone tissue. On the right side, the layer of horizontally oriented fine fibers is visible (arrow). (i) Medullary region and inner cortex in Anarosaurus humerus Wijk 13-194. The relatively large, free medullary cavity is surrounded by a thin, and in this sample incomplete, layer of endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of a fast-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. A second annulus is clearly visible in the lower part of the picture. Distance between annuli changes considerably towards the preaxial bone side (arrows mark spilt). Abbreviations: cc, calcified cartilage; eb, endosteal bone; ec, erosion cavity; htb, hatchling bone tissue; ffho, fine fibers horizontally oriented; mc, medullary cavity; mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon. All pictures are in polarized light. Scale bar is 0.5 mm if not labeled otherwise.

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Figure 4 in A new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the upper Blue Mesa Member (Adamanian: Early-Mid Norian) of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, northern Arizona, USA, and a review of the paratypothoracin Tecovasuchus across the southwestern USA

Figure 4. Paramedian osteoderms of Adamanian typothoracines documented within the Chinle Formation (A, B, D, E, H, I, L, M) and Dockum Group (C, F, G, J, K, N). Kryphioparma caerula gen. et sp. nov., UCMP 165173 (A, B). Tecovasuchus chatterjeei, PEFO 49404 (D, E), NCSM 35011 (H, I), UMMP 9600 (C, F, G), and TTU-P 9222 (J). Ambiguous paratypothoracin, MNA V3202 (L-M). Paratypothorax sp., TTU-P 9169 (K). Typothorax coccinarum, TTU-P 9214 (N). Orientations: Dorsal (A, C, D, H, J, K, L, N), Ventral (G), posterior (F), medial cross-section (B, M), lateral cross-section (E, I) views. Abbreviations: Ant.=Anterior, Ant. bar=Anterior bar, A.l.p.=Anterolateral process, A.m.p.=Anteromedial process, Bvl.=Beveled edge, Dors. em.=Dorsal eminence, Vent. strt.=Ventral strut. Small, unlabeled arrows indicate lateral direction.

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Figure 2 in A new aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the upper Blue Mesa Member (Adamanian: Early-Mid Norian) of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, northern Arizona, USA, and a review of the paratypothoracin Tecovasuchus across the southwestern USA

Figure 2. Paramedian osteoderm fragments of Kryphioparma caerula gen. et sp. nov. Holotype and paratype specimens collected from the Placerias Quarry, UCMP 165173 (A–F) and UCMP 126847 (G–L), respectively. Referred specimens collected from PFV 456, PEFO 51662 (M–R) and PEFO 46468 (S–X). Orientations: anterior (A, G, M, S), dorsal (B, H, N, T), ventral (C, I, O, U), posterior (D, J, P, V), medial cross-section (F, K, R, W), and lateral cross-section (E, L, Q, X) views. Abbreviations: Ant.=Anterior, Ant. bar=Anterior bar, Grv.=Grooves, M.e.=Medial edge, Vent. strt.=Ventral strut. Small, unlabeled arrows indicate lateral direction.

Figure 4 in A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus

Figure 4. Phylogenetic position of the genus Cyclotosaurus within the capitosaur taxa chosen for the present PAUP analysis (the intrarelationships of the genus are shown in Fig. 5). The strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees is shown with "cyclotosaurs" (i.e., forms with squamosal embayment closed to an otic fenestra) highlighted in green. Capitosauroids sensu Schoch (2008) are highlighted in grey. Abbreviation: Mast., Mastodonsaurus.

Figure 2 in A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus

Figure 2. Cyclotosaurus buechneri sp. nov. from the middle Carnian Stuttgart Formation (Late Triassic) of Bielefeld, NW Germany, holotype and only specimen (Namu ES/k 36053).

Figure 1 in A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus

Figure 1. Geographical setting of the fossil locality of Bielefeld-Sieker. Abbreviations: B, Berlin; H, Hamburg; K, Köln (Cologne); M, München (Munich). The scale bar is equal to 5 km.

Figure 3 in A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus

Figure 3. Cyclotosaurus buechneri sp. nov. from the middle Carnian Stuttgart Formation (Late Triassic) of Bielefeld, NW Germany, holotype and only specimen (Namu ES/k 36053). Drawings of the specimen with (a) dermal sculpture and (b) dermal sculpture omitted and lateral line sulci highlighted. Abbreviations: f, frontal; ifs, infraorbital sulcus; ifs-o, otic part of infraorbital sulcus; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; n, nasal; na, naris; otf, otic fenestra; p, parietal; pf, postfrontal; pfo, parietal foramen; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; sos, supraorbital sulcus; sq, squamosal; t, tabular.

Figure 5 in A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus

Figure 5. Intrarelationships of the different species of Cyclotosaurus as found in the strict consensus tree of the present PAUP analysis. Supporting characters (white rectangles) are mapped on nodes. The numbers refer to the characters listed in the Appendix and their state is given in brackets. R: reversal. Skulls redrawn after Kuhn (1932), Sulej and Majer (2005), Schoch and Milner (2000), and Schoch (2008).

Fig. 7 A–D in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 7 A–D, Mojsisovicsteuthis boeckhi (StÜrzenbaum, 1875), Bakony (Hungary), Anisian, Reitzi Zone. A Specimen No. T.3206 with preserved final chamber in lateral view. B Specimen No. T.81 with preserved final chamber in lateral view. The constriction of the last septum prior the final chamber is well seen in both specimens. C–D Specimen No. T.255. C lateral view; D detail of the septum attachment to the phragmocone wall. E–L Breviconoteuthis aff. breviconus, upper Anisian, lower Illyrian, Podhradie, Slovakia. E Ventral view; F, G lateral views demonstrating backwards inclined septa; H dorsal view; I, J cross section at the apical part; J position of the siphuncle; K, L micro-CT imaginations; K longitudinal section in lateral view; L longitudinal section in dorso-ventral view. Specimen No. KGP-PO-001. M Breviconoteuthis breviconus (Reis, 1907), original of Rieber (1974: Fig. 3), upper Anisian, Besano Formation, Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. N, O. Zugmontites mojsisovicsi Reis, 1907, holotype, No. 1901-II-508, upper Anisian, Wettersteinkalk, Austria. N Lateral view; O dorso-ventral view. Scale bar equals 1 cm

Fig. 2 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 2 Associated ammonoid fauna recorded at the locality Podhradie. A Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. B Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. C Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3. D Paraceratites trinodosus (Mojsisovics, 1882), Bed 3, lower part. E Ptychites cf. oppeli Mojsisovics, 1882, Bed 3. F, G Lardaroceras? sp., Bed 3, lower part. H, I Kellnerites cf. bispinosus (Hauer, 1896), Bed 3, upper part

Fig. 6 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 6 Mojsisovicsteuthis boeckhi (StÜrzenbaum, 1875)—the size reconstruction based on the phragmocone angle and size extrapolation. The largest specimen does not possess a "body chamber", therefore, the approximated size may exceed 35 cm

Fig. 3 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 3 Associated ammonoid fauna recorded at the locality Harmanecká Cave—Kozelník. A–C Lardaroceras sp. aff. krystyni Balini, 1992a

Fig. 10 A in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 10 A Reconstruction of cephalopod habitat within Western Carpathian Ráztoka Limestone, Illyrian Trinodosus—Reitzi Zones. Reconstruction: Petr Modlitba, with courtesy of author. B 1. Nautiloids. 2. Diverse ammonoids. 3. Aulacoceratids. 4. Mojsisovicsteuthis. 5. Breviconoteuthis. The benthic fauna is composed by abundant crinoids, echinoids, bivalves and brachiopods. Algae meadows are supposed based on geochemical data. C Fragment of partly tectonically deformed phragmocone of undetermined aulacoceratid; scale bar equals 1 cm

Fig. 1 in Rare Middle Triassic coleoids from the Alpine-Carpathian system: new records from Slovakia and their significance

Fig. 1 Geographical position of the areas of interest (A, B) and close-up views of the satellite photo with precise localization of the studied outcrops in the village Podhradie (C), and near Dolný Harmanec (D). E Outcrop in the roadcut in the village Podhradie. The fossiliferous Bed 3 is outlined. Orange circles with acronyms TO represent the sampling points for the organic geochemistry

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Fig. 4 in The Middle Triassic palaeontomofauna of Monte San Giorgio with the description of Merithone laetitiae (†Permithonidae) gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 4 Merithone laetitiae (†Permithonidae) gen. nov., sp. nov. head and thorax details. Scale bar, 500 µm

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Fig. 2 in The Middle Triassic palaeontomofauna of Monte San Giorgio with the description of Merithone laetitiae (†Permithonidae) gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 2 Insect fossil findings in the five fossiliferous sites of Monte San Giorgio and described species. Species from Monte San Giorgio described until now: A Dasyleptus triassicus (Archaeognatha, †Monura, †Dasyleptidae) (scale bar 500 μm); B Gigamachilis triassicus (Archaeognatha, Machilidae) (scale bar 2 mm); C Archetingis ladinica (Hemiptera, Tingidae) (scale bar 1 mm); D Sawfly (scale bar 1 mm); E Praedodromeus sangiorgensis (Coleoptera, Trachipachidae) (scale bar 1 mm); F Tintorina meridensis (Ephemeroptera, Tintorinidae) (scale bar 1 mm). G Barplot showing the number of fossil findings per taxon at each fossiliferous site; asterisks followed by identification letters indicate the described species shown above