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1,580 results for “Vulnerabilities”
The Real-World Benchmark of Android App Vulnerability from CVE
<p>The Real-World Benchmark of Android App Vulnerability from CVE named CVE-based benchmark.</p> <p>For more information about this benchmark, please refer to <a href="https://github.com/android-app-sast/VulsTotal">android-app-sast/VulsTotal: A Unified Platform for Evaluating SAST Tools for Android (github.com)</a></p>
Coastal marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise is exacerbated by plant species invasion
<p>In this dataset, it compasses the data and mat code file to visualize figures in the manuscript. </p>
Fig. 1 in Vulnerability of Northern Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin, 1803) during fall den ingress in New Jersey, USA
Fig. 1. Schematic of deployment of the Tracker device at the entrance of a hibernaculum.
Vulnerability Hunter Study for Bachelor's Degree
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
What if Smart Contracts Could Whisper their Weaknesses: From Software Metrics to Vulnerability Classification
<p>This repository contains the code and data associated with our submission to FSE 2025, entitled 'What if Smart Contracts Could Whisper their Weaknesses: From Software Metrics to Vulnerability Classification'. If the paper is accepted for publication, the authors' information and affiliations will be made publicly available in accordance with the conference proceedings.</p>
Data and code repository for the research "Assessing the use of Airborne Electromagnetic Data for nitrate vulnerability assessment in the Central Valley, California"
<p>Data and code for "Assessing the use of Airborne Electromagnetic Data for nitrate vulnerability assessment in the Central Valley, California". This repository contains the analysis and post-processing code for generating results and figures used in the manuscript.</p>
Data collection of article research tittle "Online GIS and Remote Sensing-Based Mapping of Flood Vulnerability in Samarinda Seberang Subdistrict"
<p>This dataset contains the definition and name of the data used in the study. It also contains rows of data for all flood parameters applied to the creation of flood vulnerability maps, namely rainfall data, landsat-8 files, DEM, DSMW and drainage survey data.</p>
Data testing of article research tittle "Online GIS and Remote Sensing-Based Mapping of Flood Vulnerability in Samarinda Seberang Subdistrict"
<p>This dataset explains validation testing in a study of the Samarinda Seberang flood vulnerability map. There are two test methods, namely the Kappa accuracy test and the 3D simulation visualization test. The Kappa accuracy test tab displays a table of Kappa calculation results, and the second tab contains a 3D simulation scenario image.</p>
A standardized assessment of forest mammal communities reveals consistent functional composition and vulnerability across the tropics
<p class="MsoPlainText">Understanding global diversity patterns has benefitted from a focus on functional traits and how they relate to variation in environmental conditions among assemblages. Distant communities in similar environments often share characteristics, and for tropical forest mammals, this functional trait convergence has been demonstrated at coarse scales (110-200 km resolution), but less is known about how these patterns manifest at fine scales, where local processes (e.g., habitat features and anthropogenic activities) and biotic interactions occur. Here, we used standardized camera trapping data and a novel analytical method that accounts for imperfect detection to assess how the functional composition of terrestrial mammal communities for two traits – trophic guild and body mass – varies across 16 protected areas in tropical forests and three continents, in relation to the extent of protected habitat and anthropogenic pressures. We found that despite their taxonomic differences, communities generally have a consistent trophic guild composition, and respond similarly to these factors. Insectivores were found to be sensitive to the size of protected habitat and surrounding human population density. Body mass distribution varied little among communities both in terms of central tendency and spread, and interestingly, community average body mass declined with proximity to human settlements. Results indicate predicted trait convergence among assemblages at the coarse scale reflects consistent functional composition among communities at the local scale, suggesting that broadly similar habitats and selective pressures shaped communities with similar trophic strategies and responses to drivers of change. These similarities provide a foundation for assessing assemblages under anthropogenic threats and sharing conservation measures.Understanding global diversity patterns has benefitted from a focus on functional traits and how they relate to variation in environmental conditions among assemblages. Distant communities in similar environments often share characteristics, and for tropical forest mammals, this functional trait convergence has been demonstrated at coarse scales (110-200 km resolution), but less is known about how these patterns manifest at fine scales, where local processes (e.g., habitat features and anthropogenic activities) and biotic interactions occur. Here, we used standardized camera trapping data and a novel analytical method that accounts for imperfect detection to assess how the functional composition of terrestrial mammal communities for two traits – trophic guild and body mass – varies across 16 protected areas in tropical forests and three continents, in relation to the extent of protected habitat and anthropogenic pressures. We found that despite their taxonomic differences, communities generally have a consistent trophic guild composition, and respond similarly to these factors. Insectivores were found to be sensitive to the size of protected habitat and surrounding human population density. Body mass distribution varied little among communities both in terms of central tendency and spread, and interestingly, community average body mass declined with proximity to human settlements. Results indicate predicted trait convergence among assemblages at the coarse scale reflects consistent functional composition among communities at the local scale, suggesting that broadly similar habitats and selective pressures shaped communities with similar trophic strategies and responses to drivers of change. These similarities provide a foundation for assessing assemblages under anthropogenic threats and sharing conservation measures.</p>
Data from: Influences of fire–vegetation feedbacks and post-fire recovery rates on forest landscape vulnerability to altered fire regimes
1. In the context of on-going climatic warming, forest landscapes face increasing risk of conversion to non-forest vegetation through alteration of their fire regimes and their post-fire recovery dynamics. However, this pressure could be amplified or dampened, depending on how fire-driven changes to vegetation feed back to alter the extent or behavior of subsequent fires. 2. Here we develop a mathematical model to formalize understanding of how fire–vegetation feedbacks and the time to forest recovery following high-severity (i.e., stand-replacing) fire affect the extent and stability of forest cover across landscapes facing altered fire regimes. We evaluate responses to increasing burn rates while varying the direction (negative vs. positive) of fire–vegetation feedbacks under a continuum of values for feedback strength and post-fire recovery time to determine how interactions among these variables produce thresholds and tipping points in landscape responses to changing fire regimes. 3. Where the early-seral vegetation is less fire-prone than older forests, negative feedbacks limited the reductions in forest cover in response to increased fire frequency or slower forest recovery. By contrast, positive feedbacks (more flammable early-seral vegetation) produced a tipping point beyond which increased burn rates or slower forest recovery drove extensive forest loss. 4. With negative feedbacks, the rates of forest loss and expansion in response to variation in fire frequency were similar. However, where feedbacks are positive, the conversion from predominantly forested to non-forested conditions in response to increased fire frequency was faster than the re-expansion of forest cover following a return to the initial burn rate. Strengthening the positive feedbacks increased this asymmetry. 5. Synthesis. Our analyses elucidate how fire–vegetation feedbacks and post-fire recovery rates interact to affect the trajectories and rates of landscape response to altered fire regimes. We illustrate the vulnerability of ecosystems with positive fire–vegetation feedbacks to climate change-driven increases in fire activity, especially where post-fire recovery is slow. Although negative feedbacks initially provide resistance to forest loss with increasing burn rates, this resistance is eventually overwhelmed with sufficient increases to burn rates relative to recovery times.
Image 2 in Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalzell) C.E.C. Fisch. (Commelinaceae), a vulnerable spiderwort, rediscovered after sixteen decades from Maharashtra, India
Image 2. Herbarium of Belosynapsis vivipara
Image 1 in Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalzell) C.E.C. Fisch. (Commelinaceae), a vulnerable spiderwort, rediscovered after sixteen decades from Maharashtra, India
Image 1. Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalzell) C.E.C. Fisch.
High vulnerability of juvenile Nathusius' pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus nathusii) at wind turbines
<p>Large numbers of bats are killed by wind turbines globally, yet the specific demographic consequences of wind turbine mortality are still unclear. In this study, we compared characteristics of Nathusius’ pipistrelles (<em>Pipistrellus nathusii</em>) killed at wind turbines (N = 119) to those observed within the live population (N = 524) during the summer migration period in Germany. We used generalised linear mixed effects modelling to identify demographic groups most vulnerable to wind turbine mortality, including sex, age (adult or juvenile), and geographic origin (regional or long-distance migrant; depicted by fur stable hydrogen isotope ratios). Juveniles contributed with a higher proportion of carcasses at wind turbines than expected given their frequency in the live population suggesting that juvenile bats may be particularly vulnerable to wind turbine mortality. This effect varied with wind turbine density. Specifically, at low wind turbine densities, representing mostly inland areas with water bodies and forests where Nathusius’ pipistrelles breed, juveniles were found more often dead beneath turbines than expected based on their abundance in the live population. At high wind turbine densities, representing mostly coastal areas where Nathusius’ pipistrelles migrate, adults and juveniles were equally vulnerable. We found no evidence of increased vulnerability to wind turbines in either sex, yet we observed a higher proportion of females than males among carcasses as well as the live population, which may reflect a female bias in the live population most likely caused by females migrating from their north-eastern breeding areas migrating into Germany. A high mortality of females is conservation concern for this migratory bat species because it affects the annual reproduction rate of populations. A distant origin did not influence the likelihood of getting killed at wind turbines. A disproportionately high vulnerability of juveniles to wind turbine mortality may reduce juvenile recruitment, which may limit the resilience of Nathusius’ pipistrelles to environmental stressors such as climate change or habitat loss. Schemes to mitigate wind turbine mortality, such as elevated cut-in speeds, should be implemented throughout Europe to prevent population declines of Nathusius’ pipistrelles and other migratory bats.</p> <p> </p> <p>Supplementary material 1: DataS1: primary_data_Kruzynski_et_al (includes bats raw data of stable isotopes).</p> <p>Supplementary material 2 includes Fig S1: Hydrogen isotopic ratios of long-distance and regional Nathusius’ pipistrelle bats from carcasses (WT) and live population (BB) in Germany during the migratory period </p>
Is a restricted niche the explanation for species vulnerability? Insights from a large field survey of Astragalus tragacantha L. (Fabaceae)
<p>In this study, we examine the realized niche of <i>A. tragacantha</i> in Provence. We focus our fieldwork on habitat characteristics, floristic survey and perform an exhaustive demographic census. We base our analyses on total density and densities of different size stages of <i>A. tragacantha</i>. We delineate its realized ecological niche with the Outlying Mean Index (<span>OMI</span>) multivariate method and estimated the effects of environmental gradients on <i>A. tragacantha</i> populations with the Generalized Joint Attribute Modelling method (<span>GJAM</span>). Analyses based on occurrence data did not support the hypothesis that a too narrow niche by itself explains the vulnerability of <i>A. tragacantha</i>. However, niche modelling revealed differences among size stages supporting a restricted regeneration niche and a wider ecological range in the past.</p> <p>This dataset is accompanying the manuscript published in Flora "<b>Is a restricted niche the explanation for species vulnerability? Insights from a large field survey of <i>Astragalus tragacantha</i> L. (Fabaceae)"</b></p>
Exposure, hazard and vulnerability all contribute to Schistosoma haematobium re-infection in northern Senegal
<p>The risk of infectious diseases, including snail-borne schistosomiasis, is determined by three interrelated components: exposure, hazard and vulnerability. For schistosomiasis, exposure occurs through behaviors involving water contact, but not without the environmental hazard of snails and parasites in the water. Socio-economic vulnerability makes it difficult to reduce exposure in the presence of hazard, because it increases reliance on hazardous activities and environments. We aimed to quantify the contributions of exposure, hazard and vulnerability to schistosome re-infection presence and intensity. We used cross-sectional parasitological data from 821 school-aged children in 13 villages along the Senegal River, survey data from 411 households where those children resided and ecological data from all 24 village water contact sites. We fit mixed-effects logistic and negative binomial regressions with indices of exposure, hazard and vulnerability as explanatory variables of <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> infection, along with demographic control variables. Multi-model inference was used to determine the relative importance of each component of risk and model averaging was used to quantify associations between infection outcomes and indices of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The most important component of <i>S. haematobium </i>presence was hazard (Ʃw<sub>i =</sub> 0.95), followed by vulnerability (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 0.91), while the most important component of <i>S. haematobium </i>intensity was exposure (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 1.00), followed by hazard (Ʃw<sub>i</sub> = 0.77). Hazard was positively associated with infection presence (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.12, 1.97), while exposure was positively associated with infection intensity. Our findings highlight how social (exposure and vulnerability) and environmental (hazard) processes act together to facilitate the acquisition and accumulation of schistosome infection from the environment across time and space. This approach can inform targeting of social and environmental interventions as complements to mass drug administration.</p>
Towards an understanding of the latitudinal patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of woody plants under climate warming
<p>Predicting spatial patterns in thermal tolerance and vulnerability of species under climate warming remains a challenge. Current knowledge is mainly from experiment-based thermal physiology of limited numbers of ectotherms, yet large-scale evaluations on plants remain elusive. Here, using distribution maps with spatial resolutions of 20×20 km for 5628 woody species in China, we propose a novel approach, i.e. thermal distribution curves, to describe species' realized thermal niches, and then estimate their thermal tolerance and warming risks under projected climate warming in 2050s and 2070s. We find that species' vulnerability and potential local extinction risks within grid cells decrease with latitude and increase with aridity due to narrow thermal tolerance of species located at low latitudes and arid regions. Over 90% of species could still tolerate future warming in most areas, indicating relatively optimistic expectation of potential local extinctions. Our study presents a new framework to quantify climate warming impacts on a large number of species without sufficient physiological information, and provides fundamental references for conservation planning under climate change.</p>
Magnitude-duration relationships of physiological sensitivity and environmental exposure improve climate change vulnerability assessments
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Integrating thermal physiology with environmental temperature is essential to understanding distributions of species and vulnerability to climate change. Warming tolerance—the difference between an organism's maximum thermal tolerance (T<sub>max</sub>) and maximum habitat temperature (T<sub>hab</sub>)—is frequently used to integrate organismal sensitivity and environmental exposure. Traditionally, applications of warming tolerance define T<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>hab</sub> as invariable magnitudes, yet tolerance magnitude depends on exposure duration and diel temperature cycles expose organisms to a range of temperature magnitudes and durations. How traditional (<em>i.e.</em>, acute) estimates of warming tolerance compare to estimates from prolonged exposures remains poorly understood. In this study, magnitude-duration curves for tolerances of one cold-water, two cool-water, and one warm-water species of freshwater fish were compiled from the literature and compared to magnitude-duration exposures from 66 streams across the eastern United States. Warming tolerances were estimated for exposure durations spanning 0.01 to 24 hours. Current acute (0.01 hours) warming tolerances ranged from median 6.30°C for the cold-water species to 9.68°C for the warm-water species. The lowest warming tolerances corresponded to prolonged exposures lasting median 3.85 to 5.30 hours among species and were 2.51 to 4.38°C lower than acute estimates. Although acute estimates remained positive in historically occupied and unoccupied streams (6.30°C versus 2.33°C), estimates based on prolonged exposure were positive at occupied streams of the cold-water species but transitioned to negative in unoccupied streams (2.19°C versus -1.12°C). Acute warming tolerances for the cold-water species also remained positive under future climate (6.29 to 4.23°C) but approached zero at prolonged durations (2.19 to 0.09°C) and transitioned to negative for 47.2% of streams. Results demonstrate that acute measures of T<sub>max</sub> and T<sub>hab</sub> overestimate warming tolerances and therefore underestimate climate change vulnerability. Integrating magnitude-duration relationships into warming tolerance estimates can elucidate physiological mechanisms underlying species distributions and can improve accuracy of climate change vulnerability assessments.</span></p>
Identifying mismatches between conservation area networks and vulnerable populations using spatial randomization
<p>Grassland birds are among the most globally threatened bird groups due to substantial degradation of native grassland habitats. However, the current network of grassland conservation areas may not be adequate for halting population declines and biodiversity loss. Here, we evaluate a network of grassland conservation areas within Wisconsin, U.S.A. that includes both large Focal Landscapes and smaller targeted conservation areas (e.g., Grassland Bird Conservation Areas or GBCAs) established within them. To date, this conservation network has lacked baseline information to assess whether the current placement of these conservation areas aligns with population hotspots of grassland-dependent taxa. To do so, we fitted data from thousands of avian point-count surveys collected by citizen scientists as part of Wisconsin's Breeding Bird Atlas II with multinomial N-mixture models to estimate habitat-abundance relationships, develop spatially-explicit predictions of abundance and establish ecological baselines within priority conservation areas for a suite of obligate grassland songbirds. Next, we developed spatial randomization tests to evaluate the placement of this conservation network relative to randomly placed conservation networks. Overall, less than 20% of species statewide populations were found within the current grassland conservation network. Spatial tests demonstrated high representation of this bird assemblage within the entire conservation network, but with a bias towards birds associated with moderately tall grasses relative to those associated with short or tall grasses. We also found that GBCAs had higher representation at Focal Landscape rather than statewide scales. Here, we demonstrated how combining citizen science data with hierarchical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating ecological baselines and conducting large-scale evaluations of an existing conservation network for multiple grassland birds. Our flexible spatial randomization approach offers the potential to be applied to other protected area networks and serve as a complementary tool for conservation planning efforts globally.</p>
Data from: Heat tolerance variation reveals vulnerability of tropical herbivore-parasitoid interactions to climate change
<p>Assessing the heat tolerance (CTmax) of organisms is central to understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. While both environment and evolutionary history affect CTmax, it is unclear how these factors and their interplay influence ecological interactions, communities, and ecosystems under climate change. We collected and reared caterpillars and parasitoids from canopy and ground layers in different seasons in a tropical rainforest. We tested the CTmax and Thermal Safety Margins (TSM) of these food webs with implications for how species interactions could shift under climate change. We identified strong influence of phylogeny in herbivore-parasitoid community heat tolerance. The TSM of all insects were narrower in the canopy and parasitoids had lower heat tolerance compared to their hosts. Our CTmax-based simulation showed higher herbivore-parasitoid food web instability under climate change than previously assumed, highlighting the vulnerability of parasitoids and related herbivore control in tropical rainforests, particularly in the forest canopy.</p>
Qatar Peninsula' High Vulnerability to Oil Spills and its Implication for the Potential Disruption in Global Gas Supply (Datasets)
<p>Outputs of oil spill dispersal simulations performed backward in time using OpenDrift for the following study:</p> <p>Anselain, T., Heggy, E., Dobbelaere, T., & Hanert, E. (2022). Qatar Peninsula’ High Vulnerability to Oil Spills and its Implication for the Potential Disruption in Global Gas Supply. <em>Nature Sustainability</em>. In press.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.