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249 results for “archosaurs”
Data from: Palaeohistological evidence for ancestral high metabolic rate in archosaurs
Metabolic heat production in archosaurs has played an important role in their evolutionary radiation during the Mesozoic, and their ancestral metabolic condition has long been a matter of debate in systematics and palaeontology. The study of fossil bone histology provides crucial information on bone growth rate, which has been used to indirectly investigate the evolution of thermometabolism in archosaurs. However, no quantitative estimation of metabolic rate has ever been performed on fossils using bone histological features. Moreover, to date, no inference model has included phylogenetic information in the form of predictive variables. Here we performed statistical predictive modelling using the new method of phylogenetic eigenvector maps on a set of bone histological features for a sample of extant and extinct vertebrates, in order to estimate metabolic rates of fossil archosauromorphs. This modelling procedure serves as a case study for eigenvector-based predictive modelling in a phylogenetic context, as well as an investigation of the poorly known evolutionary patterns of metabolic rate in archosaurs. Our results show that Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs exhibit metabolic rates very close to those found in modern birds, that archosaurs share an higher ancestral metabolic rate than that of extant ectotherms, and that this derived high metabolic rate was acquired at a much more inclusive level of the phylogenetic tree, among non-archosaurian archosauromorphs. These results also highlight the difficulties of assigning a given heat production strategy (i.e. endothermy, ectothermy) to an estimated metabolic rate value, and confirm findings of previous studies that the definition of the endotherm/ectotherm dichotomy may be ambiguous.
Data from: A phylogenomic approach to vertebrate phylogeny supports a turtle-archosaur affinity and a possible paraphyletic Lissamphibia
In resolving the vertebrate tree of life, two fundamental questions remain: 1) what is the phylogenetic position of turtles within amniotes, and 2) what are the relationships between the three major lissamphibian (extant amphibian) groups? These relationships have historically been difficult to resolve, with five different hypotheses proposed for turtle placement, and four proposed branching patterns within Lissamphibia. We compiled a large cDNA/EST dataset for vertebrates (75 genes for 129 taxa) to address these outstanding questions. Gene-specific phylogenetic analyses revealed a great deal of variation in preferred topology, resulting in topologically ambiguous conclusions from the combined dataset. Due to consistent preferences for the same divergent topologies across genes, we suspected systematic phylogenetic error as a cause of some variation. Accordingly, we developed and tested a novel statistical method that identifies sites that have a high probability of containing biased signal for a specific phylogenetic relationship. After removing putatively biased sites, support emerged for a sister relationship between turtles and either crocodilians or archosaurs, as well as for a caecilian-salamander sister relationship within Lissamphibia, with Lissamphibia potentially paraphyletic.
Functional and ecomorphological evolution of orbit shape in Mesozoic archosaurs is driven by body size and diet: Geometric morphometric data, 3D models (stl files), FEA models (Hypermesh, Abaqus files)
<p class="MsoNormal">The orbit is one of several skull openings in the archosauromorph skull. Intuitively, it could be assumed that orbit shape would closely approximate the shape and size of the eyeball resulting in a predominantly circular morphology. However, a quantification of orbit shape across Archosauromorpha using a geometric morphometric approach demonstrates a large morphological diversity despite the fact that the majority of species retained a circular orbit. This morphological diversity is nearly exclusively driven by large (skull length > 1000 mm) and carnivorous species in all studied archosauromorph groups, but particularly prominently in theropod dinosaurs. While circular orbit shapes are retained in most herbivores and smaller species, as well as in juveniles and early ontogenetic stages, large carnivores adopted elliptical and keyhole-shaped orbits. Biomechanical modeling using finite element analysis reveals that these morphologies are beneficial in mitigating and dissipating feeding-induced stresses without additional reinforcement of the bony structure of the skull.</p>
Fig. 30 in The Early Evolution Of Archosaurs: Relationships And The Origin Of Major Clades
Fig. 30. Examples of pectoral girdle character states of archosauriforms: A, right scapulocoracoid of Smilosuchus gregorii (USMN 18313) in lateral view; B, right scapula of Batrachotomus kuperferzellensis (SMNS 80271) in lateral view; C, left portion of the pectoral girdle of Proterosuchus fergusi (NM QR 1484) in lateral view; D, partial left scapulocoracoid of Postosuchus alisonae (UNC 14475) in lateral view; E, partial left coracoid of Hesperosuchus agilis (AMNH FR 6758) in lateral view F, right coracoid and scapula of Lewisuchus admixtus (UNLR 01) in lateral view; G,?right clavicle of Postosuchus alisonae (UNC 14475) in lateral view; H, intercalvicle of Smilosuchus gregorii (USMN 18313) in dorsal view. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Numbers refer to character states. See appendix for anatomical abbreviations. Scale bars 5 5 cm in A–B, D, H and 1 cm in C, E, F.
Fig. 3 in The Early Evolution Of Archosaurs: Relationships And The Origin Of Major Clades
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudosuchia with the incorporation of a diversity of ''rauisuchians'': A, Parrish (1993); B, Weinbaum and Hungerbühler (2007); C, Benton and Walker (2002); D, Gower (2002). Suprageneric taxa are in bold.
Fig. 34 in The Early Evolution Of Archosaurs: Relationships And The Origin Of Major Clades
Fig. 34. Archosauriform ilia: A, left ilium of Phytosauria (SMNS 52971) in lateral view; B, left ilium of Batrachotomus kuperferzellensis (SMNS unnumbered) in lateral view; C, left ilium fragments of Hesperosuchus agilis (AMNH FR 6758) in dorsal (top) and lateral (bottom) views; D, left ilium of Dromicosuchus grallator (UNC 15574) in lateral view; E, left ilium of Aetosauria (UCMP 32422) in lateral view; F, right ilium of Lesothosaurus dianosticus (SAM 401) in lateral view; G, right ilium of Poposaurus gracilis (TTU-P 10419) in lateral view. Arrow indicates anterior direction. Numbers refer to character states. See appendix for anatomical abbreviations. Scale bars 5 5 cm in A–B, E, G, and 1 cm in C–D, F.
Fig. 73 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 73. The relationships of the major clades of early archosauromorphs found in the analyses of this study.
Fig. 60 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 60. Left femur of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (FMNH PR 2799) in (A) proximal, (B) dorsal, (C) anterodorsal, (D) posteroventral, (E) ventral and (F) distal views. Scale 5 1 cm. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Abbreviations: ctf, crista tibiofibularis; fco, fibular condyle; it, internal trochanter; tco, tibial condyle.
Fig. 81 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 81. Reconstruction of the left hand of Trilophosaurus buettneri from specimens TMM 31025-140 and TMM 31025-141.a., articulates with; pi, pisiform; in, intermedium; lce, lateral centrale; mce, medial centrale; ra, radiale; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; 1, distal carpal 1; 2, distal carpal 2; 3, distal carpal 3; 4, distal carpal 4; I, digit I; II, digit II; III, digit III; IV, digit IV; V, digit V.
Fig. 78 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 78 Left ulnare of Trilophosaurus buettneri (TMM 31025-140) in (A) proximal, (B) preaxial (lateral), (C) dorsal, and (D) distal views. Scale bar 5 1 cm. Abbreviations: a., articulates with; fo, foramen; lce, lateral centrale; pin, proximal articulation with the intermedium; u, ulna; 4, distal carpal 4.
Fig. 26 in Postcranial Osteology Of Azendohsaurus Madagaskarensis (?Middle To Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) And Its Systematic Position Among Stem Archosaur Reptiles
Fig. 26. Caudal vertebrae of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis. Articulated middle caudal vertebrae (UA 7-15-99-600) in (A) left lateral view. Articulated middle caudal vertebrae (FMNH PR 2778) in (B) lateral (reversed) and (C) ventral views. An isolated distal caudal vertebra (FMNH PR 2772) in (D) left lateral, (E) dorsal, and (F) ventral views. Scales 5 1 cm. Arrows indicate anterior direction. Abbreviations: a., articulates with; ch, chevron; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophyses; tp, transverse process.
Figure 10 in Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland
Figure 10. Cladograms showing putative relationships of Erpetosuchus, showing the most parsimonious tree (MPT), with bootstrap measures for each node (10 000 replicates) on the right, and 50% majority-rule tree, based on the MPT and trees up to 10 steps longer, with Bremer support values from the strict/50% majority-rule consensus trees indicated at each node.
Figure 5 in New data on the braincase of the aetosaurian archosaur (Reptilia: Diapsida) Stagonolepis robertsoni Agassiz
Figure 5. Alternative hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships of aetosaurians to other major clades of Crurotarsan archosaurs. (A) Currently orthodox hypothesis based on the five most recent numerical cladistic analyses (see Gower & Wilkinson, 1996; Benton, 1999) in which aetosaurians are more distantly related to Crocodylomorpha than are at least some rauisuchians. (B) Currently unorthodox hypothesis forwarded here for further consideration, in which aetosaurians are the major archosaurian clade most closely related to Crocodylomorpha. Sphenosuchia may not be monophyletic (e.g. Clark et al., 2001). Some taxa of uncertain affinity are not shown here including Ornithosuchia and Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum. Labelled nodes: (1) Archosauria (2) crown-group archosaurs = Avesuchia (Benton, 1999) (3) Crurotarsi (4) Suchia (5) Crocodylomorpha.
Figure 2 in Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis
Figure 2. Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower. Ventral part of braincase of SMNS 80260 in left lateral view. See Figure 3 for scale. cn = condylar neck/stalk.
Figure 5 in Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland
Figure 5. Elements of the shoulder girdle of Erpetosuchus granti Newton (1894) (BMNH R3139). (A−C) Right scapulocoracoid, with associated humerus, in medial (A) and anterior (B) views, and resoration in lateral view (C). (D) Dorsal (interior) view of the interclavicle, coracoid, and proximal humerus. Abbreviations: co = coracoid; h = humerus; icl = interclavicle; sc = scapula.
Figure 2 in New data on the braincase of the aetosaurian archosaur (Reptilia: Diapsida) Stagonolepis robertsoni Agassiz
Figure 2. Stagonolepis robertsoni Agassiz. External view of left otic region of braincase of MCZD 2-4 in ventral (A) and posterolateroventral (B) views. Anterior is to the bottom of the figure. For scale see Fig. 1. bk = break in specimen; bpt = basipterygoid process; bs-pr = parabasisphenoid-prootic suture; btbo = basal tuber of basioccipital; btbs = basal tuber of parabasisphenoid; cpr = crista prootica; op = opisthotic; op-pr = opisthotic-prootic suture; uc = unossified channel/cleft; VII = foramen for facial nerve.
Figure 4 in Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis
Figure 4. Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower. Stereopair photographs and diagram of ventral part of braincase of SMNS 80260 in dorsal view i.e. normal to fracture surface between ventral and dorsal pieces. Anterior is to the top of the figure. Scale bar = 15 mm cr = cohlear/lagenar recess; lr = lateral ridge; pn = notch in break through ventral ramus of the opisthotic for passage of perilymphatic duct; VI = foramen for abducens nerve; vv = ventral part of vestibule; XII = foramen for hypoglossal nerve.
Figure 8 in Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland
Figure 8. Short series of cervical vertebrae 4–8 of Erpetosuchus granti Newton (1894) (NMS 1992.37.1). (A, B) Cervical vertebrae 4–8, with associated scutes, in left lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. In the latter, the spine tables are very clear. (C) Cervical vertebra 8 in posterior view. (D) Scutes 6 and 7 in enlarged view (cf. Figure 4C).
Figure 9 in Braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida): evidence from the rauisuchian Batrachotomus kupferzellensis
Figure 9. Batrachotomus kupferzellensis Gower. Ventral part of braincase of SMNS 80260 in anterior view. See Figure 1 for scale. g. ic = groove for cerebral branch of internal carotid artery; hf = hypophyseal fossa.
Functional and ecomorphological evolution of orbit shape in Mesozoic archosaurs is driven by body size and diet: Geometric morphometric data, 3D models (stl files), FEA models (Hypermesh, Abaqus files)
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