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1,409 results for “avian”
Figure 10 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 10. Relative size of brain regions in selected modern bird species. A, B; pigeon (Columbia livia; Columbiiformes) in A, dorsal, and B, right lateral views. The wide rostrally positioned eminentia sagittalis with poor dorsal expansion is among the poorest developed in living birds. C, D; woodcock (Scolopax rusticola; Charadriiformes) in C, dorsal, and D, right lateral views. Note caudally positioned wide eminentia sagittalis with moderate dorsal expansion and moderate tectum mesencephali. E, F; tawny owl (Strix aluco; Strigiformes) in E, dorsal and F, right lateral views. Note the exceptionally well-developed (dorsally and laterally) rostral eminentia sagittalis, comparatively small cerebellum and moderately sized tectum mesencephali. G, H; macaw (Ara sp.; Psittaciformes) in G, dorsal and H, lateral views. Psittaciform brains are characterized by great lateral expansion of a caudally positioned eminentia sagittalis, and a very large telencephalon relative to the size of the cerebellum. The tectum mesencephali is particularly small relative to the telencephalon. I, J; raven (Corvus corax; Passeriformes) in I, dorsal and J, lateral views. The large, wide and dorsally well-developed rostrally positioned eminentia sagittalis of Passeriformes is exemplified in brains of Corvidae. The cerebellum is small relative to the exceptionally well-developed telencephalon. Of the species figured here, the charadriiform (Scolopax) (C, D) is typical in possessing the largest bulbus olfactorius. A, B adapted from Dubbeldam (1998); C, J adapted from Stingelin (1957). See text for abbreviations.
Figure 6 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 6. Virtual endocast of Prophaethon shrubsolei in A, dorsal; B, rostral, and C, left lateral views. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations.
Figure 9 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 9. Reconstruction of the left osseous labyrinth of Prophaethon shrubsolei in A, rostral; B, lateral; C, caudal, and D, medial views. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations.
Figure 5 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 5. Reconstruction of the left osseous labyrinth of Odontopteryx toliapica in A, rostral; B, lateral; C, caudal, and D, medial views. See text for list of anatomical abbreviations.
Figure 2 in Avian brain evolution: new data from Palaeogene birds (Lower Eocene) from England
Figure 2. Transparent computed tomographic (CT) segmentation of two Lower Eocene skulls in right lateral views, revealing the virtual endocasts of the brain and osseous labyrinth. Compare positions of the canalis semicircularis horizontali indicating the in vivo alert head positions. A, Odontopteryx toliapica; all sutures are fully obliterated except that between the frontals and parietals. B, Prophaethon shrubsolei.
Data from: Species-specific traits mediate avian demographic responses under past climate change
<p>Anticipating species' responses to environmental change is a<span> pressing mission in biodiversity conservation. Despite decades of research investigating how climate change may affect population sizes, historical context is lacking and the traits which mediate demographic sensitivity to changing climate remain elusive. We use whole-genome sequence data to reconstruct the demographic histories of 263 bird species over the past million years and identify networks of interacting morphological and life-history traits associated with changes in effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>) in response to climate warming and cooling. Our results identify direct and indirect effects of key traits representing survival, reproduction, and dispersal processes on long-term demographic responses to climate change and highlight traits most likely to influence population responses to ongoing climate warming.</span></p>
DATASETS FOR: A keystone avian predator faces elevated energy expenditure in a warming Arctic
<p> Here, we provide two datasets from a study in which we used triaxial accelerometers (Axy 4, Technosmart, 3g) to collect detailed behavioral records from little auks (<em>Alle alle</em>) at Ukaleqarteq (UK), East Greenland (70°44′N, 21°35′W) and Hornsund (HS) (77°00′N, 15°33′E; Svalbard archipelago), during the chick rearing period. We used this data to compile time activity budgets, from which we estimated daily energy expenditure (DEE). Data spans five years (2017-2021) at UK and two years at HS (2020, 2021). We assessed whether variation in DEE was affected by variability in climate change-sensitive environmental variables that affect availability of the little auk’s resource base of cold water zooplankton, that is sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice coverage (SIC). SIC was only used for UK, since there was no appreciable sea ice at HS, which experiences higher average SST than UK. We also obtained small ~0.2-0.5 ml blood samples from the brachial veins of focal individuals to measure contamination from a potent chemical contaminant, mercury (Hg). We assessed the hypothesis that DEE is forced upward by challenging foraging conditions, but may be limited at some point due to energetic thresholds. We also assessed whether Hg contamination levels modified patterns of energy expenditure.</p> <p> In addition, to further examine the relationship that emerged between DEE and SST, we compiled a dataset of 12 site-year observations of average DEE of breeding little auks using data from Gabrielsen et al. (1991) (n = 13), Grémillet et al. (2012) (n = 70) and the present study. This dataset spanned 35 years (1986-2021) and 3 sites (UK, HS, and Kongsfjorden, KF). KF is another breeding colony of little auks on Svalbard that experiences even warmer SST than HS.</p>
Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
<p>High disparity among avian forelimb and hind limb segments in crown birds relative to non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, potentially driven by the origin of separate forelimb and hind limb locomotor modules, has been linked to the evolution of diverse avian locomotor behaviors. However, this hypothesized relationship has not been quantitatively investigated in a phylogenetic framework. We assessed the relationship between the evolution of limb morphology and locomotor behavior by comparing a numerical proxy for locomotor diversity to morphospace sizes derived from a dataset of 1241 extant species. We then estimated how limb disparity accumulated during the crown avian radiation. Lastly, we tested whether limb segments evolved independently between each limb module using phylogenetically informed regressions. Disparity increased significantly with behavioral diversity after accounting for clade age and species richness. We found that forelimb disparity accumulated rapidly early in avian evolution, whereas hindlimb disparity accumulated later, in more recent divergences. We recovered little support for strong correlations between forelimb and hind limb morphology. We posit that these findings support independent evolution of locomotor modules that enabled the striking morphological and behavioral diversity of extant birds.</p>
Dataset and R Code for Species-level Avian Influenza Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares Regression
<p>Dataset for Species-level Avian Influenza Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) Regression:<br> Variables include taxonomic information for each species, # of IAV-positive individuals, # of IAV-tested individuals, the prevalence of IAV, the proportion of diet made up of different food types, the proportion of foraging time spent in different strata (below water, water surface, ground, understory, etc), sampling-related variables (mean latitude, mean date, the proportion of hatch year individuals), migration and territoriality category, climatologic variables, mean clutch size, and mating system.</p> <p>R Code for PGLS and Avian Influenza Prevalence ContMap.</p>
Fig. 5 in A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming
Fig. 5 Life reconstruction of Natovenator polydontus (Artwork by Yusik Choi). The reconstruction shows the proposed swimming behaviour of Natovenator polydontus.
Fig. 4 in A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming
Fig. 4 Body plan of Natovenator polydontus (MPC-D 102/114, holotype) and dorsal rib morphology of various diving birds and terrestrial taxa. a Dorsal series of Natovenator in ventral view. b Reconstruction of dorsal vertebrae and ribs of Natovenator in left lateral view. c Skeletal reconstruction of Natovenator with missing parts in dark grey. d–i Dorsal rib morphology of Natovenator (d), diving birds (e–i), common ostrich (j), and Shri devi, a likely terrestrial dromaeosaurid from the Baruungoyot Formation (k) in ventral view (not to scale). l Reconstruction of the fourth dorsal vertebra with corresponding ribs in anterior view. d2 second dorsal vertebra, r2 second dorsal rib, r3 third dorsal rib, r4 fourth dorsal rib.
Fig. 3 in A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming
Fig. 3 Postcranial elements and phylogenetic position of Natovenator polydontus (MPC-D 102/114, holotype). a Anterior cervical vertebrae in left lateral view. b Axis and third cervical vertebra in dorsal view. c Fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view. d Posterior cervical vertebrae in right lateral view. e Dorsal series in right lateral view. f Anterior caudal vertebrae in right lateral view. g Left forearm elements in medial view and manus in ventral view. h Right foot in ventral view. i Phylogenetic position of Natovenator in Dromaeosauridae. Numbers at each node indicate Bremer support values. at atlas, c3 third cervical vertebra, c4 fourth cervical vertebra, c7 seventh cervical vertebra, c9 ninth cervical vertebra, ch chevron, d7 seventh dorsal vertebra, fem femur, mc I metacarpal I, mt III metatarsal III, mt IV metatarsal IV, poz postzygapophysis, prz prezygapophysis, r radius, r7 seventh dorsal rib, ul ulna, I-2 pedal phalanx I-2.
Fig. 2 in A non-avian dinosaur with a streamlined body exhibits potential adaptations for swimming
Fig. 2 Skull of Natovenator polydontus (MPC-D 102/114, holotype). a–d Skull in left lateral (a), right lateral (b), dorsal (c), and ventral (d) views. e µCTrendered image sliced at the point marked on a, showing a cross-section of the premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth in dorsal view. f Micro-computed tomography (µCT) rendered image of the occipital region in posterior view. g µCT-rendered image of the pterygoid and quadrate.?bm possible bite mark, d dentary, f frontal, h humerus, l lacrimal, m5 5th maxillary tooth, mx maxilla, na nasal p parietal, p13 13th premaxillary tooth, pl palatine, pm premaxilla, pop paroccipital process, pt pterygoid, q quadrate, rt replacement tooth, sq squamosal, so supraoccipital.
Concordant and opposing effects of climate and land-use change on avian assemblages in California's most transformed landscapes
<p>Climate and land-use change could exhibit concordant effects that favor or disfavor the same species, which would amplify their impacts, or species may respond to each threat in a divergent manner, causing opposing effects that moderate their impacts in isolation. We used early 20th-century surveys of birds conducted by Joseph Grinnell paired with modern resurveys and land-use change reconstructed from historic maps to examine avian change in Los Angeles and California's Central Valley (and their surrounding foothills). Occupancy and species richness declined greatly in Los Angeles from urbanization, strong warming (+1.8°C) and drying (-77.2 mm), but remained stable in the Central Valley, despite large-scale agricultural development, average warming (+0.9°C), and increased precipitation (+11.2 mm). While climate was the main driver of species distributions a century ago, the combined impacts of land-use and climate change drove temporal changes in occupancy, with similar numbers of species experiencing concordant and opposing effects.</p>
Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity
<div class="abstract-group metis-abstract"> <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>The gut microbiota have important consequences for host biological processes and there is some evidence that they also affect fitness. However, the complex, interactive nature of ecological factors that influence the gut microbiota has scarcely been investigated in natural populations. We sampled the gut microbiota of wild great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) at different life stages allowing us to evaluate how microbiota varied with respect to a diverse range of key ecological factors of two broad types: (1) host state, namely age and sex, and the life history variables, timing of breeding, fecundity and reproductive success; and (2) the environment, including habitat type, the distance of the nest to the woodland edge, and the general nest and woodland site environments. The gut microbiota varied with life history and the environment in many ways that were largely dependent on age. Nestlings were far more sensitive to environmental variation than adults, pointing to a high degree of flexibility at an important time in development. As nestlings developed their microbiota from one to two weeks of life, they retained consistent (i.e., repeatable) among-individual differences. However these apparent individual differences were driven entirely by the effect of sharing the same nest. Our findings point to important early windows during development in which the gut microbiota are most sensitive to a variety of environmental drivers at multiple scales, and suggest reproductive timing, and hence potentially parental quality or food availability, are linked with the microbiota. Identifying and explicating the various ecological sources that shape an individual's gut bacteria is of vital importance for understanding the gut microbiota's role in animal fitness.</p> </div> </div> <div class="pb-dropzone"> </div>
Multiple lines and levels of evidence for avian zoochory promoting fish colonization of artificial lakes
<p>Understanding how obligate freshwater organisms colonize seemingly isolated ecosystems has long fascinated ecologists. While recent investigations reveal that fish eggs can survive the digestive tract of birds and successfully hatch once deposited, evidence for avian zoochory in natura are still lacking. Here, we used a multiple lines and levels of evidence approach to demonstrate plausible bird-mediated colonization of lakes by the European perch (<em>Perca</em> <em>fluviatilis</em>). We studied a set of newly-formed artificial lakes that the public is either prohibited to access because of gravel extraction or allow to access (mainly for angling). The motivating observation is that a large proportion of prohibited-access lakes (>80%) were colonized by European perch while stocking by anglers and managers never occurred. Three supplementary lines of evidence supported avian zoochory. First, European perch spawning occurs when waterfowl abundance is very high. Second, European perch lays sticky eggs at shallow depths where they can be eaten by waterfowls or attached to their bodies. Third, genetic analyses suggested that European perch actually migrate among lakes, and that distance moved matches with daily flight range of foraging waterfowls. Together, multiple lines of evidence point to avian zoochory as a pathway for fish colonizing remote or newly-formed freshwater ecosystems.</p>
Experimental Assessment of Laser Scarecrows for Reducing Avian Damage to Sweet Corn
<p>Datasets and metadata for analyses presented in an article "Experimental Assessment of Laser Scarecrows for Reducing Avian Damage to Sweet Corn" submitted to Pest Management Science, June 2023.</p>
Data Sets: Experimental Assessment of Laser Scarecrows for Reducing Avian Damage to Sweet Corn
<p>This archive contains 2 data sets and a word doc with metadata and code for statistical analyses used within the manuscript entitled</p> <p><strong>Experimental Assessment of Laser Scarecrows for Reducing Avian Damage to Sweet Corn</strong></p> <p>by</p> <p>Sean T. Manz, Kathryn E. Sieving, Rebecca N. Brown, Page E. Klug, Bryan M. Kluever</p> <p>in press at Pest Management Science as of September 2023.</p>
Data complementing the Avian influenza overview June-September 2023
<p>Annex A – Data on wild bird species and HPAI virus detections in birds</p> <p>The annex contains tables and figures on wild bird species and HPAI virus detections in birds.</p> <p> </p> <p>Annex B – Applied prevention and control measures on avian influenza</p> <p>The annex contains an overview of specific prevention and control measures applied in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland in relation to recent avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, wild birds or mammals.</p> <p> </p> <p>Annex C – Characteristics of the HPAI A(H5N1)-positive poultry establishments</p> <p>The annex contains a table with the characteristics of the HPAI A(H5N1)-positive poultry establishments by affected EU Member State from 9 June to 18 August 2023. </p> <p> </p> <p>Annex D- Data on virus sequences</p> <p>The annex contains information on authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID’s EpiFlu™ Database on which this research is based. All submitters of data may be contacted directly via <a href="https://www.gisaid.org./">www.gisaid.org.</a></p>
Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – part 1. Available vaccines and vaccination strategies. Annex A–Supplementary information on ToR 1 data
<p>Table A.1 - Available vaccines for HPAI in poultry. The table includes information on vaccine characteristics such as HA seed strain, vaccine dosage and administration route, target species, authorisation status, challenge strain, duration of immunity and source of information.</p> <p>Table A.2 - Challenge experiments. The table includes data extracted from 28 selected studies from literature on challenge experiments. The data was used to quantify VE<sub>S</sub>, VE<sub>m</sub>, VE<sub>sh </sub>and VE<sub>s,sh </sub>for each vaccine assessed within each study. For each value of VE<sub>s,sh</sub> the probability R<sub>vac</sub> < 1 was estimated to infer the probability of the vaccine to potentially stop transmission in vaccinated birds (VE<sub>T</sub>).</p> <p>Table A.3 - Transmission experiments. The table includes data extracted from 12 studies from the literature, data was used from the unvaccinated and vaccinated groups to quantify VE<sub>S</sub>, VE<sub>m</sub>, VE<sub>sh</sub> and VE<sub>s,sh</sub> for each vaccine assessed within each study; the estimated R values for the unvaccinated (R<sub>unv</sub>) and vaccinated (R<sub>vac</sub>) groups were also extracted. The R<sub>vac</sub> values were used to create a binomial variable classifying whether the vaccine could stop transmission (R < 1) or not.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.