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opencc-zeroNov 2018View details →

Global Biotic Interactions: Taxon Graph Patches

Global Biotic Interactions: Taxon Graph Patch 20210623-01 2021-06-23 Abstract / Introduction In https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/globalbioticinteractions/issues/672, Github user @pozsgaig (https://github.com/pozsgaig) shared some suspicious pathogen interaction in which a moth appeared to be a pathogen of another moth (e.g., Plutella xylostella pathogen of Spodoptera ornithogalli). Likely root cause is invalid name mapping. Methods A script "create_patch.sh" was constructed to remove name mappings involving likely virus name acronyms. The names are detected by including all names ending with capital V, except for those with explicit NCBI taxon ids. Example includes: "Plutella xylostella NPV", a name likely referring to "Plutella xylostella multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus", NCBI:txid379891, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=379891. This virus name appears to have been incorrectly mapped to "Plutella xylostella", a moth and the related host that the virus is known to infect.   To apply the patch, run the "patch" program against the original taxonMap file with the .patch files on any linux-y system. Patch files taxonMap.tsv.patch.gz was created using: create_patch.sh in period 2021-06-23 . Result/Discussion The resulting patch removed likely suspicious virus name mappings in GloBI Taxon Graph v0.3.32 [1] . References [1] Poelen, Jorrit H. (2021). Global Biotic Interactions: Taxon Graph (Version 0.3.32) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4753955

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Biotic and anthropogenic forces rival climatic/abiotic factors in determining global plant population growth and fitness

Multiple, simultaneous environmental changes, in climatic/abiotic factors, in interacting species, and in direct human influences, are impacting natural populations and thus biodiversity, ecosystem services, and evolutionary trajectories. Determining whether the magnitudes of the population impacts of abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic drivers differ, accounting for their direct effects and effects mediated through other drivers, would allow us to better predict population fates and design mitigation strategies. We compiled 644 paired values of the population growth rate (lambda) from high and low levels of an identified driver from demographic studies of terrestrial plants. Among abiotic drivers, natural disturbance (not climate), and among biotic drivers, interactions with neighboring plants had the strongest effects on lambda. However, when drivers were combined into the three main types, their average effects on lambda did not differ. For the subset of studies that measured both the average and variability of the driver, lambda was more sensitive to one standard deviation of change in abiotic drivers relative to biotic drivers, but sensitivity to biotic drivers was still substantial. Similar impact magnitudes for abiotic/biotic/anthropogenic drivers holds for plants of different growth forms, for different latitudinal zones, and for biomes characterized by harsher or milder abiotic conditions, suggesting that all three drivers have equivalent impacts across a variety of contexts. Thus the best available information about the integrated effects of drivers on all demographic rates provides no justification for ignoring drivers of any of these three types when projecting ecological and evolutionary responses of populations and of biodiversity to environmental changes.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Do early-successional weeds facilitate or compete with seedlings in forest restoration? Disentangling abiotic vs. biotic factors

Census data for seedlings part of a weed exclusion experiment at Sal del Rey, Texas within a larger field where ~100,000 seedlings were planted in October-November 2018. Records seedling height, vigor (0 - dead, > 0 - alive), branching, and animal damage for 158 individuals of eight species classified by growth habit (fast/slow) and distributed in control and exclusion (mowed) plots across seven censuses.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Managing biotic interactions during early seagrass life-stages to improve seed-based restoration

1. Seagrasses are declining globally, and effective restoration actions to promote the recovery of degraded meadows are urgently needed. Harnessing positive plant interactions during early life stages is considered a valuable strategy to improve terrestrial and coastal habitat restoration. Yet, its application to seagrass restoration is still in infancy, and very little is known on the role played by biotic interactions in shaping newly established populations. 2. We assessed the feasibility of manipulating intra- and interspecific plant interactions to enhance seed-based restoration success using the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as a model. Specifically, we investigated in mesocosm whether seed germination increased with increasing seed density and whether increasing seedling density and planting a pioneer seagrass promoted facilitation among seedlings. To do this, seedlings were grown either as a single individual or in clumps of medium and high density, with and without Cymodocea nodosa, for two years encompassing their most critical growth stage. 3. Germination of P. oceanica seeds was not affected by seed density. Posidonia oceanica seedlings planted at medium and high density showed higher survival than those planted individually but only in the presence of C. nodosa. Seedlings planted at medium and at high density with C. nodosa performed better than those grown at low density or without C. nodosa due to a positive joint effect of intra- and interspecific interaction. Cymodocea nodosa plants grown with P. oceanica seedlings at high density were larger than those grown alone, indicating a mutualistic relationship. 4. Synthesis and applications: Our results show that in seagrasses positive interactions during early life stages can be promoted by planting seedlings in dense clumps in association with an early successional species. The incorporation of this novel nature-based approach in seed-based restoration could accelerate the recolonization of degraded seagrass habitats. In planning future seed-based restoration interventions, managers should assess both intra- and interspecific interactions established by seedlings of target species for identifying proper planting density/spatial configuration and potential benefactor species promoting facilitative mechanisms to maximize seedling planting success.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Text-fig. 4. continued. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 4. continued.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: The importance of biotic filtering on boreal conifer recruitment at alpine treeline

Treeline, the ecotone where forest transitions to alpine or tundra ecosystems, is considered the thermal limit to tree growth and survival. Despite temperature increases across mountainous areas and high latitudes globally, there has been no ubiquitous change in treeline position. The process of range expansion must initially depend on increased recruitment at, or beyond current range limits and recruitment limitations have been hypothesized as a mechanism for the variable response of treeline position to climate warming. We conducted a unique series of observational and experimental studies to quantify early-life stage constraints, from seed production to seedling establishment, on black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) recruitment at a model alpine treeline in Newfoundland, Canada. We found recruitment at treeline to be simultaneously seed and establishment limited. The treeline population produced fewer seeds than the forest population and black spruce seeds produced at treeline were less viable. Tamarack was more seed limited than black spruce where seed viability was low regardless of altitudinal position. Post-dispersal seed predation greatly constrained recruitment across the altitudinal gradient; however, black spruce seeds experienced the lowest levels of invertebrate seed predation on the lichen mat at treeline. If seeds were not consumed, individuals at treeline were establishment limited where germination and seedling establishment was both less abundant and delayed on lichen substrate. Our study highlights the need for multiple factors to align temporally for significant recruitment at treeline to occur.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions

• Premise of the study: As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigates the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across Helianthus genus. • Methods: Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild Helianthus were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry to describe volatile secondary metabolite profiles. • Key results: Across all species, 500 compounds were identified including 40% sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic compounds. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal components analysis. Leaf and petal profiles were not strongly correlated. • Conclusions: Wide diversity in volatile metabolism was observed among wild Helianthus, indicating value of this genus as a model system, and a rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpenoid profiles in these two organs can evolve without major tradeoffs. The major biosynthetic pathways manufacturing major terpenoids identified in wild Helianthus have been well described to date, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Data from: Biotic homogenization and differentiation of plant communities in tropical and subtropical forests

<h4>The article is published in Conservation Biology and available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025">https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025</a></h4> <h4>Here we developed a framework to assess the current 'state of the art' of biotic homogenization and differentiation processes in tropical and subtropical plant communities globally, using a systematic literature review.</h4> <h4>Please find below the analysis code and data used in the study.</h4> <h2>Descriptions for the files and scripts</h2> <h3>The `R` folder contains.</h3> 1. *analysis_homogenization-differentiation.R* - script to generate the frequency and explanatory plots used in the manuscript. <h3> The `output` folder contains:</h3> 1. figures     1. *Fig.1.tiff* - Figure 1 main text.     2. *Fig.2.tiff* - Figure 2 main text.     3. *Fig.3.tiff* - Figure 3 main text.     4. *Fig.4.tiff* - Figure 4 main text.     5. *Fig.5.tiff* - Figure 5 main text.     6. *Fig.6.tiff* - Figure 6 main text.     7. *Fig.7.tiff* - Figure 7 main text. 2. supp    1. *appendix_S1-homogenization-differentiation.xlsx* - Supplementary material of the article. The file contains 4 sheets (*data*, *legend*, *scales_size* and *search_keywords*) <h3> The `data` folder contains:</h3> 1. processed     1. *data_homogenization_refined.xlsx* - the data used in the analysis. Each analyzed variable was separated by a different sheet. 1. raw     1. *data_homogenization.xlsx* - the raw data used in the analysis.   <h2>Acknowledgments</h2> This work was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Finance code 001), through Portal de Periódicos to articles access and scholarship granted to J.M.F.K.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Insights for modern invasion ecology from biotic changes of the Clarksville Phase of the Richmondian Invasion (Ordovician, Katian)

The frequency of biotic invasions in modern ecosystems is increasing due to global trade moving taxa outside their native ranges and climate change facilitating establishment of taxa in previously inhospitable regions. Thus, developing a holistic understanding of biotic invasions and how they impact ecosystems over different timescales—from annual to geologic time scales—is vital. Herein we examine a geologically brief invasion event, the Clarksville Phase of the Richmondian Invasion. Prior analyses have established general ecological and evolutionary patterns across the entire Richmondian Invasion, but recent sequence stratigraphic refinement makes analysis of individual invasion pulses possible for the first time. We examine biotic change across the Clarksville Phase and identify invasion impacts on diversity, paleocommunity composition, and niche stability. Invader arrival and success were strongly linked to increased propagule pressure facilitated by sea level changes. Invaders initially colonized deep subtidal environments and then moved offshore facilitated by rapid niche evolution during the invasion interval. Invasive taxa that attained the largest population sizes belonged to previously underutilized ecological guilds. Overall, the introduction of the invasive taxa resulted in increased diversity that was maintained into the post-invasion interval accompanied by a change in community composition in which the invaders became dominant paleocommunity members. Combined these analyses document a biotic invasion facilitated by climate change which increased local diversity through invaders occupying underutilized ecospace and competition-related niche contraction on millennial time scales. Developing a long-term perspective to accompany shorter-term studies facilitates predicting the long-term impacts of modern invasions and creating better-informed policies and practices.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Abiotic and biotic drivers of tree trait effects on soil microbial biomass and soil carbon concentration

Forests are critical ecosystems to understand the global carbon budget, due to their carbon sequestration potential in both above- and belowground compartments, especially in species-rich forests. Soil carbon sequestration is strongly linked to soil microbial communities, and this link is mediated by the tree community, likely due to modifications of micro-environmental conditions (i.e., biotic conditions, soil properties, and microclimate). We studied soil carbon concentration and the soil microbial biomass of 180 local neighborhoods along a gradient of tree species richness ranging from 1 to 16 tree species per plot in a Chinese subtropical forest experiment (BEF-China). Tree productivity and different tree functional traits were measured at the neighborhood level. We tested the effects of tree productivity, functional trait identity and dissimilarity on soil carbon concentrations, and their mediation by the soil microbial biomass and micro-environmental conditions. Our analyses showed a strong positive correlation between soil microbial biomass and soil carbon concentrations. Besides, soil carbon concentration increased with tree productivity and tree root diameter while it decreased with litterfall C:N content. Moreover, tree productivity and tree functional traits (e.g. root fungal association and litterfall C:N ratio) modulated micro-environmental conditions with substantial consequences for soil microbial biomass. We also showed that soil history and topography should be considered in future experiments and tree plantations, as soil carbon concentrations were higher where historical (i.e., at the beginning of the experiment) carbon concentrations were high, themselves being strongly affected by the topography. Altogether, these results imply that the quantification of the different soil carbon pools is critical for understanding microbial community–soil carbon stock relationships and their dependence on tree diversity and micro-environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic structure of the extinction and biotic factors explaining differential survival of terrestrial notosuchians at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene crisis

Although the clade Crocodylomorpha is represented by few extant species (Crocodylia), it has a rich fossil record. Hundreds of species adapted to terrestrial, semi-aquatic and marine environments, have existed over more than 200 million years. Numerous studies have attempted to characterize the factors driving the diversification and extinction events of Crocodylomorpha, resulting in ambiguous and even contradictory conclusions, which points to the need for phylogenetically and temporally smaller-scaled studies. Here, we focus on differential survival at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene crisis of Notosuchia, a diverse clade of mostly terrestrial Crocodylomorpha that achieved great diversity during the Cretaceous. More precisely, we tested the effect of body size and palaeotemperatures on notosuchian survival probability during the K-Pg crisis as well as the effect of diet on the evolution of their body size. We find that Notosuchia showed an evolutionary trend towards larger body sizes through time, associated with a shift from an omnivorous to a carnivorous diet. This may explain why sebecids were the only notosuchians to survive the K-Pg crisis. We also corroborate conclusions of previous studies that detected a Lagerstätten effect occurring in the Adamantina Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Brazil, Bauru Group). This work confirms the value of more finely-scaled macroevolutionary studies for understanding the history of a rich and complex group such as Crocodylomorpha.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

Biotic and abiotic drivers of coalescence asymmetry between soil and manure microbiomes

The dataset includes bacterial and fungal OTU tables for all soil and manure samples after 180 days incubation, bacterial and fungal OTU abundance tables, the data for variance partitioning analysis, and the phylogenetic trees for calculating MNTD.

Small mammal granivory as a biotic filter for tree establishment beyond elevation range boundaries

Trees often experience migration lags in their response to rapidly changing climate. Preferential granivory by nocturnal small mammals has the potential to create lags by reducing germination success beyond range edges. To determine how granivory may limit establishment of trees beyond their range margins, we conducted a seed choice experiment which offered seeds of five regionally dominant tree species to small mammals within distinct forest communities across a 400m elevational gradient on four mountains in the northeastern United States. Multinomial logistic mixed effects models were used to (a) quantify seed preference of each species across the elevational gradient and (b) assess relationships between seed preference and abiotic variables. A separate seed dispersal experiment was used to compare the probability of seed consumption versus seed caching. The low-elevation temperate tree species Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum had an equally high probability of granivory within and beyond their range margins (~40% and ~20%, respectively). Generally, seed preference was positively correlated with seed mass and nutrient content regardless of elevation. Our seed dispersal experiment revealed that seeds were 3× more likely to be consumed than cached, suggesting that small mammals can potentially decrease germination success. Overall, temperate tree species with either high seed mass or nutritional value may experience substantial granivory beyond their range margin, partially explaining the observed lag between tree dispersal and climate change. Thus, granivory is vital to consider when modeling future tree species distributions under various climate change scenarios.

Biotic and abiotic data for: European Benthic survey of seagrass-lucinid mutualism

Coastal ecosystem functioning often hinges on habitat-forming foundation species that engage in positive interactions (e.g. facilitation and mutualism) to reduce environmental stress. Seagrasses are important foundation species in coastal zones but are rapidly declining with losses typically linked to intensifying global change-related environmental stress. There is growing evidence that loss or disruption of positive interactions can amplify coastal ecosystem degradation as it compromises its stress-mitigating capacity. Multiple recent studies highlight that seagrass can engage in a facultative mutualistic relationship with lucinid bivalves that alleviate sulphide toxicity. So far, however, the generality of this mutualism, and how its strength and relative importance depend on environmental conditions, remains to be investigated. Here we study the importance of the seagrass-lucinid mutualistic interaction on a continental scale using a field survey across Europe. We found that the lucinid bivalve Loripes orbiculatus is associated with the seagrasses Zostera noltii and Zostera marina across a large latitudinal range. At locations where the average minimum temperature was above 1°C, L. orbiculatus was present in 79% of the Zostera meadows; whereas, it was absent below this temperature. At locations above this minimum temperature threshold, mud content was the second most important determinant explaining the presence or absence of L. orbiculatus. Further analyses suggest that the presence of the lucinids have a positive effect on seagrass biomass by mitigating sulphide stress. Finally, results of a structural equation model (SEM) support the existence of a mutualistic feedback between L. orbiculatus and Z. noltii. We argue that this seagrass-lucinid mutualism should be more solidly integrated into management practices to improve seagrass ecosystem resilience to global change as well as the success of restoration efforts.

Data from: Biotic pressures and environmental heterogeneity shape beta-diversity of seedling communities in tropical montane forests

Many theories have been proposed to explain the high diversity of plants in the tropics. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that drive plant diversity and community assembly at different spatial scales. Here, we applied beta-diversity partitioning to test how biotic and abiotic factors are associated with seedling beta-diversity in a tropical montane forest in Southern Ecuador. We recorded seedling communities on 81 subplots at nine plots located at three elevations along a 2000-m elevational gradient. We measured biotic pressures (i.e. herbivory and fungal pathogen attacks) and environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture and canopy closure) at all subplots and related them to species turnover and richness differences in seedling communities within and between elevations. We found that species turnover increased with differences in biotic dissimilarity within elevations, while differences in species richness within elevations increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Between elevations, species turnover increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Our findings show that species turnover and changes in species richness are related differently to abiotic and biotic factors, and that the importance of these factors for shaping seedling diversity is scale-dependent. Our study contributes to better understand the processes driving seedling beta-diversity and the assembly of plant communities in highly diverse tropical montane forests.

Seed limitation interacts with biotic and abiotic factors to constrain novel species' impact on community biomass and richness

Seed limitation can narrow down the number of coexisting plant species, limit plant community productivity, and can also constrain community responses to changing environmental and biotic conditions. In a 10-year full-factorial experiment of seed addition, fertilisation, warming, and herbivore exclusion, we tested how seed addition alters community richness and biomass, and how its effects depend on seed origin and biotic and abiotic context. We found that seed addition increased species richness in all treatments, and increased plant community biomass depending on nutrient addition and warming. Novel species, originally absent from the communities, increased biomass the most, especially in fertilised plots and in the absence of herbivores, while adding seeds of local species did not affect biomass. Our results show that seed limitation constrains both community richness and biomass, and highlight the importance of considering trophic interactions and soil nutrients when assessing novel species immigrations and their effects on community biomass.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake

Background. Snake venoms are trophic adaptations that represent an ideal model to examine the evolutionary factors that shape polymorphic traits under strong natural selection. Venom compositional variation is substantial within and among venomous snake species. However, the forces shaping this phenotypic complexity, as well as the potential integrated roles of biotic and abiotic factors, have received little attention. Here, we investigate geographic variation in venom composition in a wide-ranging rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) and contextualize this variation by investigating dietary, phylogenetic, and environmental variables that covary with venom. Results. Using shotgun proteomics, venom biochemical profiling, and lethality assays, we identify 2 distinct divergent phenotypes that characterize major axes of venom variation in this species: a myotoxin-rich phenotype and a snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP)-rich phenotype. We find that dietary availability and temperature-related abiotic factors are correlated with geographic trends in venom composition. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the potential for snake venoms to vary extensively within species, for this variation to be driven by biotic and abiotic factors, and for the importance of integrating biotic and abiotic variation for understanding complex trait evolution. Links between venom variation and variation in biotic and abiotic factors indicate that venom variation likely results from substantial geographic variation in selection regimes that determine the efficacy of venom phenotypes across populations and snake species. Our results highlight the <a>implicit </a>influence of abiotic factors on biotic factors that ultimately shape venom phenotype, providing evidence for a central role of local selection as a key driver of venom variation.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra of the paper "Untangling the role of biotic and abiotic ageing of various environmental plastics toward the sorption of metals"

The dataset include Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra of UV aged and biofouled environmental plastics, used for the publication "Untangling the role of biotic and abiotic ageing of various environmental plastics toward the sorption of metals" (the paper is available at the following link: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164807">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164807</a>). The dataset is organized as follows: -All samples contains metadata considering polymer type (polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE)), the type of ageing treatment (UV ageing, biofouling and UV ageing-biofouling), the amount of time (in hours) of treatment and the number of replicate sample analyzed. -for every sample the raw data (scaled for the maximum absorbance value) of the FT-IR spectrum is given. Further experimental details are listed in the manuscript text.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Biotic and abiotic factors controlling spatial variation of mean carbon turnover time in forest soil

Data description This dataset is associated with the paper "Biotic and abiotic factors controlling spatial variation of mean carbon turnover time in forest soil". This dataset includes the soil organic carbon turnover time (τsoc) based on radiocarbon signals at the global and regional scales. Global synthesis The analysis of global soil radiocarbon data was done using the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD v.1.0; Lawrence et al., 2020). ISRaD is an open source data with the records of 8 biomes (i.e., forest, grassland, cropland, shrubland, savanna, tundra, permafrost, and others). Since we focus on the turnover time of SOC (τsoc) based on radiocarbon occurring in the natural forest ecosystem, so we limited our study to data from soil depth within 200 cm in the forest ecosystem. We built a database of radiocarbon-based soil turnover time (τsoc) of 1897 soil samples from 245 forest locations worldwide. It covers a wide geographical range (35.65 oS ‒ 68.8 oN; 159.64 °W – 173.57 °E) and a broad nature climate zone (-5.2 oC to 40.0 oC; 58.66 mm to 6900 mm) over the half a century (1958 – 2017). Where forest age is missing, we derived it from The global forest age dataset (GFAD v 1.0; Poulter et al., 2018). The GFAD database represents the distribution of forest stand age during 2000 – 2010 years. Regional analysis  Soil sampling in forests across the Eastern Asian Monsoon region We sampled soils from twelve permanent forest plots in five mountains in the Eastern Asian Monsoon region (Table 1, Figure 1, and S1). Five of the twelve forest plots are members of the Smithsonian Forest Global Earth Observatory network (ForestGEO, https://forestgeo.si.edu/; Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2018; Chu et al., 2019). The other seven forest plots are members of China's National Ecosystem Research Network (CNERN, http://www.cern.ac.cn). In the Eastern Asian Monsoon region, more than half of the total annual rainfall occurs in the summer season (i.e., June, July, and August) (Tardif et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2003). We estimated the τsoc by the radiocarbon dating analysis of up to 100 cm of soil depth in each forest plot. For each plot, we separated the whole soil increment into the surface (0 – 30 cm) and deep (30 – 100 cm) layers to test the radiocarbon signal due to the high financial cost. Details of the location, climate, and vegetation for each sampling site are provided in Table 1 and Supplementary Text 1. Nine soil cores (2.5 cm in diameter) were collected in each forest plot, and a depth of 10 cm separated each soil column from 0 to 100 cm. In total, 108 soil profiles were sampled across the 12 forest plots. The accumulated aboveground litter was collected and measured in an area of 50 cm × 50 cm in each forest plot, with three replicates adjacent to each soil profile. Fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) were manually picked from soil samples. The litter and root samples were dried at 65 °C for 48 hours using an oven and then weighed for dry mass. The elevation and other geographic information of each forest plot were measured during the soil sampling.