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Figure 6 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 6. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Lepidosiren paradoxa, CAS 61327: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 5 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 5. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus dolloi, AMNH 246385: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 2 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 2. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus annectens, TMM M 1129: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. A, angular; AC, anocleithrum; C, cartilage; CH, ceratohyal; CL, cleithrum; CLA, clavicle; CR, cranial rib; DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; OP, operculum; PR, prearticular; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; S, supraorbital; SO, suboperculum; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth; VE, vertebra.

Figure 4 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 4. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus amphibius, CAS 47408: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 1 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 1. The articulated skull of Protopterus annectens, AMNH 55226: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view. Anterior is to the left. Scale bar: 1 cm. DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; PTTa, anterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTb, middle ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; PTTc, posterior ridge of pterygoid tooth plate; S, supraorbital; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth.

Figure 3 in The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)

Figure 3. Computed tomography reconstruction of the skull of Protopterus aethiopicus, UF 137272: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view. Scale bar: 10 mm. A, angular; AC, anocleithrum; C, cartilage; CH, ceratohyal; CL, cleithrum; CLA, clavicle; CR, cranial rib; DE, dermal ethmoid; EO, exoccipital; FP, frontoparietal; OP, operculum; PR, prearticular; PS, parasphenoid; PT, pterygoid; S, supraorbital; SO, suboperculum; SQ, squamosal; V, vomerine tooth; VE, vertebra.

opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 2 in Mitogenome of Xya pfaendleri (Orthoptera: Caelifera): Its comparative description and phylogenetic position within Tridactylidea

FIGURE 2. The chronogram of Tridactylidea, with the bootstrap support of ML (lower cell of the box) and posterior probability of BEAST (upper cell of the box) analyses (ages in mya are shown on the right of each node; the node calibrated by 202.67 ± 40 mya based on Song et al. (2015) is denoted by a black circle; X. japonica-Xj1 refers to MK903575 and X. japonica-Xj2 KC555032 GenBank sequences).

opennotspecifiedNov 2023View details →

FIGURE 1 in Mitogenome of Xya pfaendleri (Orthoptera: Caelifera): Its comparative description and phylogenetic position within Tridactylidea

FIGURE 1. The map of the mitochondrial genome of Xya pfaendleri (Photo credit: Dimitǎr Boevski, https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/127539974)

opennotspecifiedApr 2015View details →

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships among 19 in Comparative morphology, phylogeny, and classification of West African callopanchacine killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Nothobranchiidae)

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships among 19 taxa of the Callopanchacini and 11 out-group taxa: left, strict consensus tree of the 24 most-parsimonious trees from the analysis of molecular data (3296 bp), comprising segments of the mitochondrial genes 16S and ND2, and the nuclear gene 28S; right, strict consensus tree of the two most-parsimonious trees from the combined analysis of the same molecular data set and 63 morphological characters. Numbers above the node are bootstrap percentages higher than 50%, below are posterior probabilities of the Bayesian analysis higher than 0.95.

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Data from: Testing hypotheses of marsupial brain size variation using phylogenetic multiple imputations and a Bayesian comparative framework

<p>Considerable controversy exists about which hypotheses and variables best explain mammalian brain size variation. We use a new, high-coverage dataset of marsupial brain and body sizes, and the first phylogenetically imputed full datasets of 16 predictor variables, to model the prevalent hypotheses explaining brain size evolution using phylogenetically corrected Bayesian generalised linear mixed-effects modelling. Despite this comprehensive analysis, litter size emerges as the only significant predictor. Marsupials differ from the more frequently studied placentals in displaying much lower diversity of reproductive traits, which are known to interact extensively with many behavioural and ecological predictors of brain size. Our results therefore suggest that studies of relative brain size evolution in placental mammals may require targeted co-analysis or adjustment of reproductive parameters like litter size, weaning age, or gestation length. This supports suggestions that significant associations between behavioural or ecological variables with relative brain size may be due to a confounding influence of the extensive reproductive diversity of placental mammals.</p>

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Figure 10 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 10. Schematic representation of the monociliated sensory cells of the glandular proboscis epithelium in Nemertea based on the ultrastructure of the studied species. *inner microvilli in the case of receptor processes with a double ring of microvilli.

Figure 6 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 6. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of palaeonemertean species. A, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). B, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. D, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section of a dendrite within the apicolateral junctions (black arrowheads) of a sensory cell. Bundles of microvillar filaments (white arrowheads) are terminated at the cytoplasmic membrane. E, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the proximal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Centrally located axial rootlets (asterisk) are surrounded by bundles of microvillar filaments (mf). F, Carinina yushini, transverse section of a distal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Arrowheads point to axial rootlets. G, Tubulanus punctatus, longitudinal section of a sensory cell with axial rootlets (white arrowheads). The filament bundles (black arrowheads) of the microvilli extending into the dendrite and terminating into the cytoplasmic membrane (back arrow) below apicolateral junctions

Figure 3 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 3. Confocal laser scanning micrographs of the everted (A, C, D) and inverted (B, E–L) proboscis. Red/white – phalloidin-positive (ph-p); green – acetylated α-tubulin-like immunoreactivity (tub-lir). Tub-lir has the strongest signals in the cilia and axons of sensory cells and in the basiepithelial nerve plexus. A, Hubrechtella juliae, substack of the transverse sections showing the receptor processes (black arrowheads) and axons (white arrowheads) of sensory cells. B, Cephalothrix cf. simula, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the receptor processes of small (black asterisks) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. C, Nipponomicrura uchidai, substack of the transverse sections showing sensory cells (arrowheads). D, N. uchidai, z-projection of the transverse sections showing the collars of sensory cells. E, Cephalothrix iwatai, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of small (black arrowheads) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. F, Cephalothrix sp., substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of large sensory cells (arrowheads). G, Cephalothrix filiformis sensu Iwata, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of the large

Figure 2 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 2. Light micrographs of the everted proboscis of live nemerteans. А, Cephalothrix simula, everted proboscis with bristles formed by the receptor processes of sensory cells. B, C. simula, the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Cephalothrix sp., everted proboscis with bristles formed by the receptor processes of sensory cells. D, Kulikovia alborostrata, the apical surface of the proboscis epithelium showing pseudocnidae (white arrowheads) and monociliated sensory cells (black arrowheads).

Figure 1 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of representative longitudinal and transversal sections of proboscidial sensory cells from Nemertea. The reconstructions were based on representative sections.

Figure 9 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of the everted proboscis. A, Balionemertes australiensis, the receptor processes (arrowheads) of sensory cells. B, Cephalothrix cf. simula, the receptor process (arrowhead) of a sensory cell. C, Cephalothrix hongkongiensis, panoramic view showing receptor processes of small (black arrowheads) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. D, Hubrechtella juliae, the receptor processes (asterisks) of sensory cells. E, Hinumanemertes kikuchii, the receptor process of a large sensory cell. F, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, panoramic view showing papillae along the proboscis surface. G, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, papilla tip with multiciliated cells.

Figure 4 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 4. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscis monociliated (A–P) and multiciliated (Q–S) sensory cells of hoplonemerteans. A, Tortus tokmakovae, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. B, Nipponnemertes cf. bimaculata, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, transverse section through the base of the receptor process of a sensory cell. D, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. E, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 27, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. F, Pelagica gen. sp. 2, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. G, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the dendrites (asterisks) of sensory cells. White arrowheads point to axial rootlets; black arrowheads point to filament bundles of the microvilli extending into the dendrite. H, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the basis of the receptor process of a sensory cell. I, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the middle region of the receptor process of a sensory cell. J, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the apical region of the receptor process of a

Figure 8 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 8. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of pilidiophoran species. A, Kulikovia alborostrata, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. B, K. alborostrata, longitudinal section of the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. C, K. alborostrata, high magnification of a longitudinal section of the distal region of the dendrite showing the ciliary basal body (white arrowhead) with one stout axial rootlet (black arrowhead) associated with microtubules (black arrows). D, K. alborostrata, longitudinal section of a sensory cell. The filament bundles (white arrowhead) of the microvilli are anchored on the inner surface of the apical cylinder (black arrowhead). E, Lineus sanguineus, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells. A high-magnification inset shows the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. F, L. sanguineus, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. G, L. sanguineus, longitudinal section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. The filament bundles (white arrowhead) of the microvilli are anchored on

Figure 12 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 12. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscis nonciliated sensory cells of hoplonemerteans. A, Ototyphlonemertes valentinae, panoramic view of the apical surface of the proboscis epithelium showing the receptor process (asterisk) of a nonciliated sensory cell. B, O. valentinae, high magnification of a longitudinal section showing the base of the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell. C, O. valentinae, transverse section of the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell showing the central shaft (asterisk) surrounded by a ring of microvilli (arrowheads). D, Tetrastemma stimpsoni, longitudinal section of a papilla of the proboscis epithelium. E, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of a papilla of the proboscis epithelium. A high-magnification inset shows the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell: a central shaft (asterisk) surrounded by a ring of microvilli (arrowhead). F, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of a papilla tip. G, Te. stimpsoni, higher magnification of a papilla tip in the region of apicolateral junctions (arrowheads). H, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of the body (asterisk) of a nonciliated sensory cell. The distal region of the cell body contains the Golgi complex (gc) and mitochondria (m). I, Te. stimpsoni, high magnification of the perinuclear cytoplasm of a nonciliated sensory cell showing the filament bundles (arrowhead) extending from the receptor process. J, Te. stimpsoni, high magnification showing the basal process (asterisks) of a nonciliated sensory cell extending into a pore (p) in the extracellular matrix (ecm). Trunks (asterisks) of the basiepithelial nerve plexus are located under the pore (p).

Figure 11 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 11. Confocal laser scanning micrographs of the everted (A, B, D, E) and inverted (C) proboscis. Red/white – phalloidin-positive (ph-p); green – acetylated α-tubulin-like immunoreactivity (tub-lir). Tub-lir has the strongest signals in the cilia and axons of sensory cells and in the basiepithelial nerve plexus. A, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, substack of transverse sections showing papillae (p) and nerve processes (white arrowheads) joining the proboscis nerve (black arrowhead). B, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, zprojection of transverse sections of the papilla with a ciliary tuft (ct). C, Ototyphlonemertes valentinae, substack of a longitudinal section showing the receptor processes of nonciliated sensory cells. D, Tetrastemma stimpsoni, substack of transverse sections of papillae (p) with centrally situated phalloidinpositive receptor processes (arrowheads) of nonciliated sensory cells. E, Te. stimpsoni, substack of longitudinal sections of papillae (p) with centrally situated phalloidin-positive receptor processes (arrowheads) of nonciliated sensory cells.