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FIG. 10 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 10. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab, specimens from Lustsee, Germany: A-H, SEM views of raphe valves; A-C, SEM external views of raphe valves; D, SEM internal view of raphe valve; E, SEM external view of valve centre; F, SEM external view of half of valve and pole; G, SEM internal view of valve centre; H, SEM internal view of valve pole. Scale bars: A, B, D, 5 µm; C, 10 µm; E-H, 1 µm.

FIG. 7 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 7. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.: A-W, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; X-AT, specimens from Plansee, Austria; AU-BC, specimens from Fischkaltersee; BD-BI, specimens from Ammelsheiner See; BJ-BM, specimens from Harthsee; BN-BQ, specimens from Speicher Dreiweibern; B-BC, BE-BI, BK-BM, BO-BQ, LM views of valves; A, BD, BJ, BN, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 1 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 1. — Study sites and regions where Achnanthidium Kütz. species were collected in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria. Scotland: 1, Petta Water, Mainland, Shetland Islands; 2, Lochan na Ba Ruaidhe; 3, Ullapool River; 4, unnamed stream west of Arnisdale; 5, Loch Tarff; 6, River Feshi; 7, Loch Morlich; 8, River Spey; 9, Burn of Savoch; 10, Belti Burn. England: 11, River Ehen. Wales: 12, Llyn y Fan Fawr. Germany: 13, Ammelsheiner See; 14, Harthsee; 15, Speicher Dreiweibern; 16, Lustsee; 17, Fischkaltersee; 18, Brunnsee. Austria: 19, Vilsalpsee; 20, Plansee.

FIG. 9 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 9. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab: A-W, specimens from Lustsee, Germany; X-AD, specimens from Fischkaltersee, Germany; AE-AO, specimens from Loch Tarff, Scotland; AP-CH, specimens from Ullapool River, Scotland; CI-DP, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; DQ-DZ, specimens from Petta Water, Shetland Islands, Scotland; A-DO, DR-DZ, LM views of valves; DP-DQ, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 6 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 6. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.: A, E, specimens from River Spey, Scotland; B-D, F-H, specimens from River Feshi, Scotland; A, B, SEM external views of raphe valve; C, SEM internal view of raphe valve; D, E, SEM external views of rapheless valves; F, SEM internal view of raphe valve; G, SEM external view of rapheless valve and mantle; H, external view of frustule in girdle view. Scale bars: A-D, F-H, 5 µm; E, 2 µm.

FIG. 17 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 17. — Achnanthidium lacuslustense sp. nov., specimens from Lustsee, Germany:A-L, LM views of valves; M, LM view of frustule in girdle view.Scale bar:10 µm.

FIG. 16 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 16. — Achnanthidium tirolense sp. nov., specimens from Plansee, Austria: A, B, SEM external views of raphe valves; C, D, SEM internal views of raphe valves; E, SEM external view of rapheless valve; F, SEM internal view of rapheless valve. Scale bars: 5 µm.

FIG. 14 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 14. — Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarn.: A-Q, S, T, W, Y, specimens from Burn of Savoch, Scotland; R, U, V, X, Z-AW, specimens from Belti Burn, Scotland; A, B, Z, LM views of frustules in girdle view; C-Y, AA-AW, LM views of valves. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 5 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 5. — Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.: A-I, specimens from Loch Morlich, Scotland; J-P, specimens from River Spey, Scotland; Q-W, specimens from River Feshie, Scotland; X-AR, specimens from unnamed stream west of Arnisdale, Highland, Scotland; AS-AX, specimens from River Ehen, England; AY-BN, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; B-P, R-W, Y-BN, LM views of valves; A, Q, X, LM views of frustules in girdle view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 4. — Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.: A, C, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; B, D, specimens from Scotland, 2012, 44sto; A, SEM external view of frustule in girdle view and valve face of rapheless valve; B, SEM external view of pole in girdle view and valve mantle; C, SEM internal view of whole raphe valve; D, SEM internal view of valve centre of raphe valve. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, D, 3 µm; C, 5 µm.

FIG. 13 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 13. — Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab: A, specimen from Loch Tarff, Scotland; B-D, specimens from Llyn y Fan Fawr, Wales; A-D, SEM views of rapheless valves; A, B, SEM external views of valves; C, SEM external view of valve pole; D, SEM external view of valve centre. Scale bars: A, B, 5 µm; C, D, 2 µm.

APPENDIX 1 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 1. — Principal component analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 96.4 %.

APPENDIX 2 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

APPENDIX 2. — Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape harmonics for A. sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob. from different geographic regions (Europe, Wales, Scotland and England). Specimens of A. caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert. are used as the outgroup. The biplot presents the first two axes with a total explained variance of 90.3 %.

FIG. 19 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 19. — Linear discriminant analysis of elliptic Fourier shape harmonics for identified species. The biplot presents the first 2 axes with a total explained variance of 81.3 %.

FIG. 21 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 21. — Relationships between diatom assemblages, four Achnanthidium Kütz. species and land use in 52 streams, rivers and lakes of Scotland, United Kingdom. A, B, NMDS ordination (2D stress 0.1) of Bray-Curtis similarities of diatom assemblages: A, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in land use types and the multiple correlation of each of the land use categories with the diatom assemblages; B, the vector plot shows the direction of linear increase in the most abundant diatom species and the multiple correlation of each species with the diatom assemblages. C-F, bubble plots of species: the relative abundance of four diatom species in 52 diatom assemblages is represented by the circle size: C, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarn.; D, Achnanthidium sieminskae Witkowski, Kulikowskiy & Riaux-Gob.; E, Achnanthidium neomicrocephalum Lange-Bert. & F.Staab; F, Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.

FIG. 3 in A study of the morphology and distribution of four Achnanthidium Kütz. species (Bacillariophyta), implications for ecological status assessment, and description of two new European species

FIG. 3. — Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert.: A-B, specimens from Brunnsee, Germany; C-F, specimens from Scotland, 2012, 44sto; A, SEM external view of whole raphe valve and rapheless valve; B, SEM external view of whole raphe valve, mantle and girdle bands at pole; C, SEM external view of valve centre of raphe valve; D, SEM external view of valve centre of rapheless valve; E, SEM external view of pole of raphe valve; F, SEM external view of pole of rapheless valve. Scale bars: A, 10 µm; B, 5 µm; C-F, 3 µm.

FIG. 4 in A contribution to the study of hornworts and liverworts in Tunisia: a checklist and ecology of Kroumirian species

FIG. 4. — Taxa affinity for the nature of the substrate (S), the light (L), the wetness (W) and the temperature (T): S1, Saxicole; S2, Terrico-mineral; S3, Corticolous, S4, Saprolignicole, S5, Terrico-humicolous; L1, Sciaphilous; L2, Mesophotophile; L3, Photophile; W1, Xerophilous; W2, Mesoxerophilous; W3, Mesohygrophilous; W4, Hygrophilous; W5, Hydro-hygrophilous; W6, Hydrophilous; T1, highly thermophilous; T2, thermophilous; T3, meso-thermophilous; T4, mesophilous; T5, highly mesophilous.

FIG. 5 in A contribution to the study of hornworts and liverworts in Tunisia: a checklist and ecology of Kroumirian species

FIG. 5. — Dendrogram obtained by AHC (Ascendant Hierarchical Classification) carried out on the ecological affinity indices of the 32 taxa collected (Chord distance).

FIG. 6 in A contribution to the study of hornworts and liverworts in Tunisia: a checklist and ecology of Kroumirian species

FIG. 6. — Scatterplot of the two first axes of the CA (Correspondence Analysis) performed on four indexes of ecological affinity and 32 taxa. Abbreviations: LIG, Light; SUB, Substrate; TEMP, Temperature; WET, Wetness. The taxa code signification is given in Table 2.

FIG. 1 in A contribution to the study of hornworts and liverworts in Tunisia: a checklist and ecology of Kroumirian species

FIG. 1. — Location of Kroumiria region (A) and the 18 studied sites (B). The site code signification is given in Table 1. Satellite imagery, December 2015, Google Earth.