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FIGURE 3 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record

FIGURE 3. Examples of sediment-filled terraria. 1, Surface of terrarium surface of for Hysterocrates gigas. 2, Surface of terrarium substrate for Aphonopelma chalcodes. 3, Side view of a 246 L terrarium housing H. gigas.

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FIGURE 2. Tarantula specimens. 1, Hysterocrates gigas. 2, Pelinobius muticus. 3 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record

FIGURE 2. Tarantula specimens. 1, Hysterocrates gigas. 2, Pelinobius muticus. 3, Aphonopelma chalcodes.

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FIGURE 11 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record

FIGURE 11. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Hysterocrates gigas (HG, blue, n = 10), Pelinobius muticus (PM, green, n = 8), and Aphonopelma chalcodes (AC, red, n = 9). Burrows sort into four moderately to highly similar (BC> 0.7) clusters by trace maker and architecture (A–D). Cluster A consists entirely of burrows of A. chalcodes; Cluster B consists of five burrows of H. gigas (83%) and a single burrow of A. chalcodes (17%); Cluster C consists of eight burrows of P. muticus (73%) and three burrows of H. gigas (27%); Cluster D consists of two burrows each of H. gigas (50%) and P. muticus (50%). Values located at the labeled nodes of the dendrogram are the mean Bray-Curtis similarity score of all burrows emanating from that node cluster.

FIGURE 3 in Patterns of craniofacial variation and taxonomic diversity in the South African Cercopithecidae fossil record

FIGURE 3. Principle components analyses (PCA) of cranial variation in extant papionins and the fossil sample. 1 and 2, PCA including maximum cranial length, orbital width, interorbital breadth, and palate length raw measurements for 81 extant papionins (1) and 25 fossil cercopithecids (2). PC1 and PC2 of the extant sample comprise 82.2% and 8.1% of the variation, respectively, and PC1 and PC2 of the fossil sample comprise 67.8% and 21.6% of the variation, respectively. Note how well the measurements discriminate extant species, and how Papio h. ursinus (TM211) and one specimen of Theropithecus darti (TP9) are distinct from the other fossils. 3 and 4, PCA including orbital width, interorbital breadth, muzzle width (ectomolare), maximum width (canine), palate width (M3), palate width (canine), and palate length in 81 extant papionins (3) and 33 fossil cercopithecids (4). PC1 and PC2 of the extant sample comprise 86.6% and 4.8% of the variation, respectively, and PC1 and PC2 of the fossil sample comprise 66.1% and 12.7% of the variation, respectively. Note how well the measurements discriminate extant species, and that Cercopithecoides and Papio hamadryas are distinct from the other fossils.

FIGURE 2 in Patterns of craniofacial variation and taxonomic diversity in the South African Cercopithecidae fossil record

FIGURE 2. Bivariate plots of cranial measurements of extant papionins and the fossil sample. 1 and 2, Bivariate plot comparing cranial length and cranial breadth in extant papionins (1) and the fossil sample (2). 3 and 4, Bivariate plot comparing face length and muzzle width (ectomolare) in extant papionins (3) and the fossil sample (4). Note high correlations and the lack of a consistent taxonomic pattern across the distribution of fossil specimens. All bivariate correlations are significant at p <0.0004.

FIGURE 1 in Patterns of craniofacial variation and taxonomic diversity in the South African Cercopithecidae fossil record

FIGURE 1. Six of the fossil cercopithecid specimens used in this study. 1, UCMP 125854, Papio izodi. 2, UCMP 125856, Papio izodi. 3, MP221, Parapapio jonesi. 4, TP9, Procercocebus antiquus. 5, MP222, Theropithecus darti. 6, STS394A, Cercopithecoides williamsi.

FIGURE 1 in The oldest record of gnathostome fossils from Greece: Chondrichthyes from the Lopingian of Hydra Island

FIGURE 1. Geographical and geological context of the Hydriot chondrichthyan fossils. 1, Map of Greece showing the location of Hydra Island; 2, Outcrop map of Hydra Island showing the location of the sampled section "EP" south of the village of Episkopi. Outcrop map after Grant et al. (1991); 3, Stratigraphic section of the Episkopi Formation showing the provenance ("EP-Z") of the examined gnathostome fossils.

FIGURE 2. Chondrichthyan material from Hydra. 1-5 in The oldest record of gnathostome fossils from Greece: Chondrichthyes from the Lopingian of Hydra Island

FIGURE 2. Chondrichthyan material from Hydra. 1-5, Hybodontiformes indet. tooth (AMPG 550) in occlusal (1), basal (2), presumed lingual (3), profile (4), and presumed labial (5) views. Scale bar equals 5 mm. 6, Euselachii indet. dermal denticle (AMPG 551) in anterolateral view. Scale bar equals 100 μm.

Fig. 6 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 6. Simpson's (1941) ratio−diagram of the main long bones of all extant and fossil Spheniscus species and some more fossil penguin species. The differences of the limb bone measurements, converted into logarithms, are shown in ratio to those of the chosen standard, Spheniscus humboldti. The horizontal distance between the points, marking the same bone elements of different taxa, is proportional to the ratio of their real dimensions. It is essentially: log (mean of measurement of compared taxon) – log (mean of measurement of standard taxon) = log (mean of measurement of compared taxon / mean of measurement of standard taxon). L, length; GL, greatest length. Fossil taxa are indicated by an asterisk.

Fig. 5 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 5. Comparison of proximal humerus (in proximal view) of Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. (A) and Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, 1834 (B), showing the difference in the development of the lip−like projection proximally bordering the fossa pneumotricipitalis. Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 2. Spheniscid penguin Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. from Cerro la Bruja, latest middle/earliest late Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru. A. Left scapula (MNHN PPI 147b) cranial end, in medial (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Left ulna (MNHN PPI 147d), in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. C. Left humerus (MNHN PPI 147c), in caudal (C1), cranial (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Left radius (MNHN PPI 150), in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views. E. Cranial portion of sternum (MNHN PPI 147i), in cranial (E1) and ventral (E2) views. F. Left coracoid (MNHN PPI 147a), in ventral (F1), ventrolateral (F2), and dorsal (F3) views. G. Right carpometacarpus (MNHN PPI 154), in ventral (G1) and dorsal (G2) views.

Fig. 1 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 1. Geographic position of the latest middle/earliest late Miocene locality Cerro La Bruja, and further fossil penguin bearing localities in the Pisco Formation, Peru. Modified after McDonald and Muizon (2002: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 4. Morphological differences between Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. (A, C, E, G, I) and Spheniscus chilensis Emslie and Correa, 2003, paratype material from UF (B, D, F, H, J). A, B. Right humerus, in cranial (A1, B1), caudal (A2, B2), ventral (A3, B3), and distal (A4) views. C, D. Right carpometacarpus, in dorsal view. E, F. Right tibiotarsus, in cranial (E1, F1), caudal (E2, F2), and medial (E3, F3) views. G, H. Right tarsometatarsus, in dorsal (G1, H1), plantar (G2, H2), and distal (G3, H3) views. I, J. Right femur, in distal view.

Fig. 3 in The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus-a new species from the Miocene of Peru

Fig. 3. Spheniscid penguin Spheniscus muizoni sp. nov. from Cerro la Bruja, latest middle/earliest late Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru. A. Right tibiotarsus (MNHN PPI 147f), in medial (A1), caudal (A2), lateral (A3), and cranial (A4) views. B. Right femur (MNHN PPI 147e), distal end, distal view (B1), proximal end, caudal view (B2), distal end, caudal view (B3), proximal end, cranial view (B4), and distal end, cranial view (B5). C. Right tarsometatarsus (MNHN PPI 147h), in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Synsacrum (MNHN PPI 147l), in dorsal (D1) and caudal (D2) views. E. Pygostyl (MNHN PPI 152), in lateral view. F. Thoracic vertebrae T3−7? (MNHN PPI 147), in lateral view. G. Thoracic vertebra T4? (MNHN PPI 147), in caudal (G1) and cranial (G2) views. H. Cervical vertebra C12? (MNHN PPI 147), in caudal (H1) and dorsal (H2) views.

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Linked collectors and determiners for: Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland: non-marine molluscs (fossil & subfossil records).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland: non-marine molluscs (fossil & subfossil records)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/5850a253-4e7c-44ec-a784-87a52fd0556a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/5850a253-4e7c-44ec-a784-87a52fd0556a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/5850a253-4e7c-44ec-a784-87a52fd0556a">https://gbif.org/dataset/5850a253-4e7c-44ec-a784-87a52fd0556a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Table 1 in Abelisauroidea (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Africa: a review of the fossil record

Table 1. Fossil records of Abelisauroidea in Africa.<table><tbody><tr><th>Taxa/specimen</th><th>Author</th><th>Stratigraphy</th><th>Age</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><th>Tanzania</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Elaphrosaurus bambergi</th><td>Janensch,1920</td><td>dd locality of the Middle Dinosaur</td><td>Kimmeridgian</td><td>16 presacral vertebrae,6 sacral vertebrae,18 caudal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Member of the Tendaguru Formation</td><td></td><td>vertebrae,a middle caudal chevron,the left humerus,both</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ilia,the proximal left pubis,both ischia,the left femur,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>the left tibia,the proximal left fibula,the left astragalus-</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>calcaneum,the left metatarsals II and III, the proximal left</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>metatarsal IV,left pedal phalanges II-1, IV-2 and IV-4,a left</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>and a right scapulocoracoid,a right metacarpal II,and a left</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>metacarpal IV.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MB.R.3625</th><td>Janensch,1925</td><td>Middle Dinosaur Member of the</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Tendaguru Formation Kimmeridgian</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Left tibia.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauroidea indet MB.R.1750</th><td>Janensch,1925</td><td>St locality of the Middle Dinosaur</td><td>Kimmeridgian</td><td>Left tibia.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Member of the Tendaguru Formation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MB.R.3621</th><td>Janensch,1925</td><td>TL locality of the Upper Dinosaur</td><td>Tithonian</td><td>Right femur.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Member (Tithonian) of the Tendaguru</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Formation.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MB.R.3626</th><td>Janensch,1925</td><td>TL locality of the Upper Dinosaur</td><td>Tithonian</td><td>Right tibia.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Member Tendaguru Formation.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauroidea indet MB.R.1751</th><td>Janensch,1925</td><td>H locality from the Upper Dinosaur</td><td>Tithonian/Berriasian</td><td>Left tibia.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Member Tendaguru Formation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Niger</th></tr><tr><th>Kryptops palaios MNN GAD 1</th><td>Sereno & Brusatte,2008</td><td>Elrhaz Formation</td><td>Aptian-Albian</td><td>Left maxilla.</td></tr><tr><th>Rugops primus MNN IGU 1</th><td>Sereno,Wilson & Conrad,2004</td><td>Echkar Formation</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Partial skull,partially complete cranium,missing the</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>posterior sides of the skull roof,the palate,the jugal,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>quadratojugal,quadrate,postorbital and squamosal.</td></tr><tr><th>Afromimus tenerensis MNBH GAD 112</th><td>Sereno,2017</td><td>Elrhaz Formation</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Dorsal rib fragment,seven partial mid and distal caudal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vertebrae,two partial chevrons,right tibia and incomplete</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>fibula partially coossified with the astragalocalcaneum,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>right pedal phalanx II-2,right pedal ungual II, right pedal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>phalanx III-1.</td></tr><tr><th>Undescribed abelisaur</th><td>Sereno,Wilson & Conrad,2004</td><td>Elrhaz Formation</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Almost complete articulated skeleton.</td></tr><tr><th>Spinostropheus gautieri MNHN 1961 -28</th><td>Lapparent,1960</td><td>Tiouraren Formation</td><td>Bathonian</td><td>(many individuals) mid cervical vertebra,two anterior</td></tr><tr><th>(syntypes) (Problematic taxon)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dorsal vertebrae,posterior dorsal vertebra,four dorsal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>fragments,three sacral fragments,three caudal vertebrae,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>two caudal fragments,partial left humerus,ulna,distal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>right pubis,distal femur,incomplete right tibia,incomplete</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>fibula,proximal metatarsal,four metatarsal fragments,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>partial pedal phalanx (single individual) cervical neural</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>arch,two fused cervical centra,two dorsal vertebrae,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>partial caudal vertebra,three manual unguals,tibiae,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>distal fibula,proximal metatarsal,four pedal phalangeal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>fragments.</td></tr><tr><th>MNN TIG6 (Problematic taxon)</th><td>Sereno,Wilson & Conrad,2004</td><td>Tiouraren Formation</td><td>Bathonian</td><td>posterior third cervical vertebra,fourth through tenth</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>cervical vertebra,cervical rib,first through eighth dorsal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vertebra,partial ninth through thirteenth dorsal vertebra,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>fragmentary dorsal ribs,first through third sacral neural</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>arches,ossified tendons.</td></tr><tr><th>Tunisia</th></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MGGC 21889</th><td>Fanti et al., 2014</td><td>Oum ed Diab Member of Ain el Guettar</td><td>Aptian-Albian</td><td>Fragment of a left dentary.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Formation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet ONM TM 02</th><td>Fanti et al., 2014</td><td>Oum ed Diab Member of Ain el Guettar</td><td>Aptian-Albian</td><td>Small fragment of a left dentary.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Formation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet</th><td>Fanti et al., 2014</td><td>Oum ed Diab Member of Ain el Guettar</td><td>Aptian-Albian</td><td>Morphotype 1 (2 teeth),Morphotype 2 (13 teeth),</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Formation</td><td></td><td>Morphotype 6 (9 teeth),Morphotype 7 (2 teeth),</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Morphotype 8 (4 teeth).</td></tr><tr><th>Libya</th></tr><tr><th>Abelisauroidea indet PRC.NF.1.21</th><td>Smith et al., 2010</td><td>Cabao Formation</td><td>Aptian</td><td>2 incomplete dorsal vertebrae,a centrum of a caudal</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vertebra,part of a caudal neural arch,the distal part of a</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>right femur,and right tibia.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MPCM 13693</th><td>Smith & Della Vecchia,2006</td><td>Cabao Formation</td><td>Aptian-Albian</td><td>2 crowns.</td></tr><tr><th>Morocco</th></tr><tr><th>Berberosaurus liassicus (Problematic</th><td>Allain,Tykoski,Aquesbi,Jalil &</td><td>Continental series of Toundoute</td><td>Pliensbachian-Toarcian</td><td>cervical vertebra (Pt9),anterior part of a sacrum (Pt23),II</td></tr><tr><th>taxon) MHNM Pt (x)</th><td>Monbaron,2007</td><td></td><td></td><td>left metacarpal (Pt22),right femur (Pt19),left tibia(Pt21),</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>the distal end of a right tibia (Pt16),left fibula (Pt20).</td></tr><tr><th>Deltadromeus agilis (Problematic taxon) SGM Din-2</th><td>Sereno,Dutheil,Larochene, Larsson,Lyon,Magwene,Sidor, Varricchio & Wilson,1996</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Cervical rib,anterior dorsal neural arches,two dorsal ribs, two gastralia,four anterior caudal neural spines,eighteen middle to posterior caudal vertebrae,five chevrons,partial scapulocoracoid,humerus,proximal radius,proximal ulna,an impression of part of a left iliac lamina,ischial shaft,fused distal ischia,a right femur,a right proximal tibia,a right distal tibia with the tarsus,a left fibula, left metatarsals II-IV,metatarsal V,and several pedal phalanges.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet NMC 4186</th><td>Russell,1996</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Fragment of right dentary.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet NMC 41859</th><td>Russell,1996</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Fragment of a right dentary.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae CMN 50811</th><td>Russell,1996</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Centrum of a cervical vertebra.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet UCPC-10</th><td>Mahler,2005</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Fragment of a right maxilla.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MPUR NS153-1, MPUR NS153-2</th><td>Porchetti et al., 2011</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Two incomplete main bodies of left maxilla.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet OLPH 025</th><td>Chiarenza & Cau,2016</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Proximal portion of a right fêmur.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet NMB-1672-R, GZG.V.19996,and GZG.V.19999</th><td>Richter et al., 2013</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Three teeth.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet.MHNM KK04</th><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Partial right ilium.</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Noasauridae indet ROM 64666</th><td>Evans et al., 2015</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Left fêmur.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauroidea indet MPCM 13573</th><td>Novas et al., 2005</td><td>Kem Kem beds</td><td>Cenomanian</td><td>Ungual phalanx,from the digit IV of the left foot.</td></tr><tr><th>Chenanisaurus barbaricus OCP DEK-GE 772* OCP DEK-GE 457** OCP DEK-GE 458***</th><td>Longrich,Pereda-Suberbiola, Jalil,Khaldoune & Jourani,2017</td><td>Couche III of the Ouled Abdoun Basin</td><td>Maastrichtian</td><td>Fragment of the left dentary*,teeth**,teeth***.</td></tr><tr><th>Egypt</th></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet (Missing)</th><td>Stromer & Weiler,1930</td><td>Nubian Sandstone</td><td>Campanian</td><td>A proximal portion of a tíbia.</td></tr><tr><th>Abelisauridae indet MGUP MEGA002</th><td>Gemmellaro,1921</td><td>Duwi Formation</td><td>Maastrichtian</td><td>Crown.</td></tr><tr><th>Kenya</th></tr><tr><th>Undescribed Abelisauridae Possible giant abelisaurid* Possible mid size abelisaurid**</th><td>Sertich et al., 2013; Sertich et al., 2006</td><td>Turkana Grits sandstones</td><td>Maastrichtian</td><td>Part of a skull,and axial and appendicular skeleton elements*,dental and axial materials**.</td></tr><tr><th>Zimbabwe</th></tr><tr><th>Undescribed Abelisauroidea</th><td>Woolley et al., 2015</td><td>Gokwe Formation</td><td>Cretaceous</td><td>Teeth and vertebra.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Fig. 10 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 10. Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NHMM JJ 11736). A–C, F–H. Adambulacral ossicles, in actinal (A, C, H) and abactinal (B, F–G) views. D–E. Abactinal or marginal spines. I. Abactinal ossicle. J–M. Ambulacral ossicles, in actinal (J–L) and abactinal (M) views. N–P. Oral ossicle, in radial (N), interradial (O) and actinal (P) views. Q–R. Large spines of uncertain position. Provenance: uppermost Maastrichtian, ca 12 m below K/Pg boundary, Kulsti Rende, Stevns Klint, eastern Denmark. Scale bars: A–C, F–R = 1 mm; D–E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 11. Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov., reconstructions and interpretation. A. Reconstruction of cross-section of arm. B. Reconstruction of ambulacral groove, with large podial basins and furrow spines. C. Ambulacral base, in actinal view. D. Abactinal face of adambulacral. Abbreviations: see Material and methods, and Fig. 3 for detailed morphological terminology.

Fig. 2. A–B. Pectinaster filholi Perrier, 1885 in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 2. A–B. Pectinaster filholi Perrier, 1885, Recent, in abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views, Porcupine Trough, NE Atlantic (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). C–D. Benthopecten simplex (Perrier, 1881), Recent, in abactinal (C) and actinal (D) views, Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic (NHMUK EE 13563). E–F. Nearchaster aciculosus (Fisher, 1910), Recent, in abactinal (E) and actinal (F) views, NE Pacific (USNM, unregistered). Scale bars: A–B = 7 mm; C–D = 6 mm; E–F = 20 mm.

Fig. 16. A–C in The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal

Fig. 16. A–C. Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998 (NHMUK EE15225). A–B. Abactinal (A) and actinal (B) views of well-preserved individual, retaining spines and pedicellariae. C. Enlargement of ambulacral groove, showing spines and duck-bill pedicellariae. — D. Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873, duck-billed pedicellaria of a zoroasterid (A.S. Gale collection, unregistered). Provenance: A–C. Grayson Formation, Graysonites wacoense ammonite Zone, Dottie Lynn Lane, Fort Worth, Texas, USA (for details of locality, reference is made to Hess 2015 and Gale et al. 2021). D. Recent, Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic. Scale bars: A–B = 50 mm; C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm.