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Distribution. Occurs patchily in montane habitats from SE Uganda and highlands of C Kenya S through Tanzania, SE DR Congo, Malawi, and Zimbabwe to NE South Africa; an isolated population occurs on plateau of Angola. in Muridae

Distribution. Occurs patchily in montane habitats from SE Uganda and highlands of C Kenya S through Tanzania, SE DR Congo, Malawi, and Zimbabwe to NE South Africa; an isolated population occurs on plateau of Angola.

Distribution. Patchy butwidespread in savanna habitats from Sierra Leone E to South Sudan and extreme S Ethiopia, and S to Kenya and Tanzania; range possibly extends farther S to Malawi, Mozambique, and E Zimbabwe. in Muridae

Distribution. Patchy butwidespread in savanna habitats from Sierra Leone E to South Sudan and extreme S Ethiopia, and S to Kenya and Tanzania; range possibly extends farther S to Malawi, Mozambique, and E Zimbabwe.

Distribution. Known only from Mt Kenya, C Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100130 mm, tail 142-177 mm, ear 15-21 mm, hindfoot 22-28 mm; weight 30-59 g. The Mount Kenya Thicket Rat's fur is olive gray above, becoming brighter orange brown on rump, with sharply demarcated white belly tinted with pink. Tail is very long (152% of head-body length), semi-prehensile, and tufted. Feet are buff, with four digits on forefoot and five on relatively short hindfoot, fifth digit longer and semi-opposable. Habitat. Little is known, but presumably similar to that of the East African Thicket Rat (G. beanus). in Muridae

Distribution. Known only from Mt Kenya, C Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100130 mm, tail 142-177 mm, ear 15-21 mm, hindfoot 22-28 mm; weight 30-59 g. The Mount Kenya Thicket Rat's fur is olive gray above, becoming brighter orange brown on rump, with sharply demarcated white belly tinted with pink. Tail is very long (152% of head-body length), semi-prehensile, and tufted. Feet are buff, with four digits on forefoot and five on relatively short hindfoot, fifth digit longer and semi-opposable. Habitat. Little is known, but presumably similar to that of the East African Thicket Rat (G. beanus).

Distribution. Occurs widely in W Africa in forested habitats from E Sierra Leone E to SW Nigeria (W of Niger River), but absent from the Dahomey Gap (SE Ghana, Togo, and Benin). in Muridae

Distribution. Occurs widely in W Africa in forested habitats from E Sierra Leone E to SW Nigeria (W of Niger River), but absent from the Dahomey Gap (SE Ghana, Togo, and Benin).

Distribution. SE Australia: coastal habitats up to 100 km inland in SE Queensland, E New South Wales, SE Victoria, and Tasmania, including Flinders I and Three Hummock I. in Muridae

Distribution. SE Australia: coastal habitats up to 100 km inland in SE Queensland, E New South Wales, SE Victoria, and Tasmania, including Flinders I and Three Hummock I.

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).

Distribution. Known from scattered localities in New Guinea, including the Central Range from Taritatu River E to Mt Dayman and the Torricelli Mts; possibly present across entire island of New Guinea in preferred habitat. It was found in Pleistocene archaeological sites on the Ayamaru Plateau, C Bird's Head (= Vogelkop), NW New Guinea. in Muridae

Distribution. Known from scattered localities in New Guinea, including the Central Range from Taritatu River E to Mt Dayman and the Torricelli Mts; possibly present across entire island of New Guinea in preferred habitat. It was found in Pleistocene archaeological sites on the Ayamaru Plateau, C Bird's Head (= Vogelkop), NW New Guinea.

The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae

The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).

Distribution. Alpine habitats in Bale Mts and Arussi Plateau on E rim of Ethiopian Rift; possibly extending S into Melka Chireti, Somali Region, Ethiopia. in Muridae

Distribution. Alpine habitats in Bale Mts and Arussi Plateau on E rim of Ethiopian Rift; possibly extending S into Melka Chireti, Somali Region, Ethiopia.

Distribution. Recorded from montane localities isolated by intervening areas of lowland habitat in New Guinea, including Foja Mts, Adelbert Range, Huon Peninsula (Finisterre and Saruwaged ranges), and E Central Cordillera, including both N (Jimi and Ramu rivers) and S catchments (Purari and Aroa rivers). in Muridae

Distribution. Recorded from montane localities isolated by intervening areas of lowland habitat in New Guinea, including Foja Mts, Adelbert Range, Huon Peninsula (Finisterre and Saruwaged ranges), and E Central Cordillera, including both N (Jimi and Ramu rivers) and S catchments (Purari and Aroa rivers).

Lophuromys stanley: is member of the L. flavopunctatus species complex and was named during partial revision of the L. aguilus species complex. It is characterized by craniometric and genetic character-istics; its skull proportions are similar to L. laticeps, and molecularly, it is similar to L. margarettae and L. zena (cytochrome-b). Lophuromys stanleyi is one of four endemic species in the Rwenzori Mountains diversity hotspot. Monotypic. Distribution. Rwenzori Mts, E DR Congo and SW Uganda. Descriptive notes. Head-body 113-126 mm, tail 40-80 mm, ear 16-19 mm, hindfoot 22-24 mm; weight 36-55 g. The Rwenzori Brush-furred Rat has a speckled pelage similar to other speciesin the L. flavopunctatus species complex. Tail is short, 50-60% of head-body length. Habitat. Poorly known, but type specimen was collected at an elevation of 3700 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. in Muridae

Lophuromys stanley: is member of the L. flavopunctatus species complex and was named during partial revision of the L. aguilus species complex. It is characterized by craniometric and genetic character-istics; its skull proportions are similar to L. laticeps, and molecularly, it is similar to L. margarettae and L. zena (cytochrome-b). Lophuromys stanleyi is one of four endemic species in the Rwenzori Mountains diversity hotspot. Monotypic. Distribution. Rwenzori Mts, E DR Congo and SW Uganda. Descriptive notes. Head-body 113-126 mm, tail 40-80 mm, ear 16-19 mm, hindfoot 22-24 mm; weight 36-55 g. The Rwenzori Brush-furred Rat has a speckled pelage similar to other speciesin the L. flavopunctatus species complex. Tail is short, 50-60% of head-body length. Habitat. Poorly known, but type specimen was collected at an elevation of 3700 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information.

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996). in Muridae

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996).

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Fig. 1 in Distribution and habitat requirements of red wood ants in Switzerland: Implications for conservation

Fig. 1. Distribution of mounds of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) in Switzerland, based on a systematic survey of forest plots. Each triangle denotes a plot in which one or more mounds were recorded. a) All F. rufa group species. b) F. lugubris. c) F. paralugubris. d) F. aquilonia. e) F. rufa. f) F. polyctena. Solid line: border between Swiss Plateau and Alps. Dashed line: border between Jura Mountains and Swiss Plateau.

FIGURE 7 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 7. Comparison of the habitus of the larvae/exuviae of Gomphinae occurring in Iran, as well as G. davidi. Prementum, silhouettes of the dried exuvium of the last instars (A–E) as well as left palpus in ventral view (F–K) are shown. A, F Gomphus kinzelbachi; B, G Gomphus schneiderii, C, H Gomphus davidi, D, I Stylurus ubadschii, E, K Anormogomphus kiritshenkoi (after Borisov 2008 and photos from exuviae in the collection of R.S.). Artwork by OM.

FIGURE 6 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 6. Old specimens of Gomphus kinzelbachi at the end of April at lowland rivers. Male (A) and female (B) at Zohreh River (loc. 13). For locations see Tables 1 and 2. Photos by ES.

FIGURE 5 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 5. Habitats of Gomphus kinzelbachi in Iran. A: Zohreh River (loc. 15), B: Shiv River (loc. 17), C: Marun River (loc. 11), D: Zohreh River (loc. 13), E: Alwand River (loc. 8), F: Abi Zinkan (loc. 6). For locations see Table 1 and 2. Photos ES (A, B, C, D) and DI (E, F).

FIGURE 4 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 4. Occurrence of Gomphus kinzelbachi in SW Iran. Red dots: new locations in this report. For location numbers see Tables 1 and 2. Black dots: locations reported for Karkeh River in 2016 (Schneider et al. 2017). Open circles are older records: A: Lohmann (1992), B: Martin (1912), C: Sadeghi & Mohammadalizadeh (2009).

FIGURE 3 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 3. Labium in ventral view. Gomphus kinzelbachi A prementum, B left palpus in lateral view, C anterior border of ligula, D measuring distances (see Tab. 3). len—length, maxw—maximum width, minw—minimum width. Artwork by OM.

FIGURE 2 in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 2. Larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi. A habitus in dorsal view (arrow at short hook, hairs and setae illustrated only on left side), B ventral view (female, arrow at lateral spine S7), C right antenna in dorsal view, D head in lateral view, E male abdomen segments S2 and S3, F female abdomen segments S8 and S9. atm—antennomeres, fcox—fore coxa. Scalebar for A and B. Artwork by OM.

FIGURE 1. Freshly emerged Gomphus kinzelbachi female with exuvia. A in Description of last instar larva of Gomphus kinzelbachi Schneider, 1984 and new aspects on distribution and habitats in Iran (Odonata: Gomphinae)

FIGURE 1. Freshly emerged Gomphus kinzelbachi female with exuvia. A headwater of the Zohreh River near Kopan, 30.341667°N 51.305000°E, 790 m, Fãrs province, 26. IV. 2017. Photo by ES.