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Figure 15 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 15. SEM images of some structures of Acantholibitia pluriarcuata, male (MZUSP 48841). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of stylus, lateral view. E, left pedipalpus, mesal view. F, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. G, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. H, claws of leg IV, oblique view. Scale bars: 10 μm (D), 50 μm (A–C, H), 200 μm (E, G), 100 μm (F).

Figure 7 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 7. Strict consensus of trees obtained with K = 6.2878 and 7.4809, indicating larger groups as defined herein, with asserted distributions juxtaposed. * indicates type species of the genera. Abbreviations: BY = Bayesian analyses, EW = equal weighting, IW = implied weighting, RBS = relative Bremer support, BT = bootstrap, GC = difference in frequencies GC (Group present/Contradicted), PP = posterior probabilities of clades.

Figure 2 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 2. Habitus in vivo of some Discosomaticinae from Brazil. A, Roquettea singularis from Pará. B, Gryne leprosa from Pará. C, Gryne marginalis from Pará. D, Gryne dimorpha from Goiás. E–G, Gryne orensis from Mato Grosso do Sul. Photographs of Arthur Anker & Pedro H. Martins (A, C–D), Bruno Garcia (B) and Adriano Kury (E–G).

Figure 13 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 13. SEM images of some structures of Acantholibitia biocellata, male (MNRJ 19042). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of MS-C, ventral view. E, left pedipalpus, mesal view. F, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. G, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. H, claws of leg IV, oblique view. Scale bars: 10 μm (D), 20 μm (H), 50 μm (A–C), 200 μm (E), 100 μm (F, G).

Figure 29 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 29. Paraprotus atroluteus, syntype (SMF RI 291). A, dDorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. D, original label. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

Figure 3 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 3. Habitus in vivo of some non-discosomaticinae. A, Cosmetus delicatus from Espírito Santo (Brazil). B, Paecilaema u-flavum from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). C, Cynorta conspersa from Pará (Brazil). D, Meterginus basalis from Cusuco National Park (Honduras). E, Rhaucus serripes from Cundinamarca (Colombia). F, Eucynorta virescens from Antisana Ecological Reserve (Ecuador). Photographs of Miguel Medrano (A, E, F), Sébastien Cally (B), Bruno Garcia (C), Jonathan Kolbi (D).

Figure 33 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 33. Protus distinctus, male (CAS AK 105). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 41 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 41. SEM images of some structures of Protus speciosus, male (ICN-Ao- 467). A–C, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view. D, left cheliceral hand, frontal view. E, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. F, left pedipalpus, mesal view. G, same, dorsal view. H, same, detail of tarsus, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E, H), 200 μm (D), 500 μm (F, G).

Figure 40 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 40. Protus speciosus, male (ICN-Ao-381). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 32 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 32. SEM images of some structures of Protus bolivari, male (USNMENT 01538074). A–D, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, detail of stylus, oblique view. E–F, right claw IV: E, ventral view; F, ventro-lateral view. Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C), 20 μm (D, F), 100 μm (E).

Figure 25 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 25. Kayania compressicoxa, schematic female illustration modified from Avram & Soares (1983). A, dorsal view. B, ovipositor and detail of macrosetae. C, left chelicera, mesal view. D, right pedipalpus, mesal view.

Figure 24 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 24. Kayania bicolumnata, male holotype (SMF 12782/16). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, distal part of the penis emerging through genital operculum. D, habitus, lateral view. E, postero-lateral view. F, original labels by Weyrauch and Roewer. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

Figure 37. Protus marllusi. A–B in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 37. Protus marllusi. A–B, Male holotype (MNRJ 7602): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. C–E, variation of spots of dorsal scutum, female paratypes, dorsal view: C. MNRJ 4842. D. MNRJ 7602. E. MNRJ 2173. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 38 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 38. SEM images of some structures of Protus marllusi, holotype (MNRJ 7602). A–C, penis: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view. D, left cheliceral hand, dorsal view. E, left basichelicerite, dorsal view. F, left pedipalpal tarsus, ventral view. G, left pedipalpus, ventral view. H, same, mesal view. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–C, E, F), 200 μm (D), 500 μm (G, H).

Figure 28 in Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)

Figure 28. Paraprotus albithorax, female holotype (SMF RII 132/2). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, panoramic dorsal view. D, original label. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photos courtesy Abel Pérez.

FIGURE 1 in New records of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Minnesota, USA

FIGURE 1. Map of Minnesota and surrounding US states and Canadian provinces. Numbers indicate the total documented species of Opiliones as reported by Cokendolpher & Lee (1993). Symbols indicate localities of species newly recorded in Minnesota. Yellow = Leiobunum aldrichi, blue = L. calcar, orange = L. politum, red = L. ventricosum, purple = L. vittatum, brown = Odiellus pictus, white star = Katharine Ordway Natural History Study Area (L. aldrichi, L. calcar, L. flavum, L. ventricosum, L. vittatum, and Odiellus pictus).

FIGURE 5. A in New records of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Minnesota, USA

FIGURE 5. A) Leiobunum vittatum MAC15 lateral view. B) L. vittatum MAC15 dorsal view. C) Odiellus pictus MAC03 lateral view, with characteristic set of anterior spines indicated by white arrow. D) O. pictus MAC03 dorsal view. All scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURE 4. A in New records of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Minnesota, USA

FIGURE 4. A) Light microscope photograph of dorsal L. politum penis from Minnesota (specimen MNSP-MNO52), identifying lack of conspicuous penial bulb as is diagnostic for the species (McGhee 1977). B) Light microscope photograph of dorsal L. politum penis from Maryland (specimen from biomechanical study by Burns & Shultz (2016)), identifying penial alae forming bulb structure as originally described in McGhee (1977). C) Distal end of ventral penis of L. ventricosum (KY: Whitley Co.; from Burns & Shultz 2015), showing cuticular alae forming open-ended sacs. Amber masses within sacs are crystalized nuptial gift (not miscible in 70% ethanol). All scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURE 3. A in New records of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Minnesota, USA

FIGURE 3. A) Leiobunum flavum MAC67 lateral view. B) L. flavum MAC67 dorsal view. C) L. politum MNSP-MNO53 lateral view. D) L. politum MNSP-MNO53 dorsal view, with membranous boundaries of metapeltidium indicated by white arrows. E) L. ventricosum MNSP-MNO53 lateral view. F) L. ventricosum MNSP-MNO53 dorsal view. All scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURE 2. A in New records of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Minnesota, USA

FIGURE 2. A) Leiobunum aldrichi MAC10 lateral view. B) L. aldrichi MAC10 tibia II. C) L. aldrichi MAC10 dorsal view. D) L. calcar MAC29 lateral view with palpal apophysis indicated by white arrow. E) L. calcar palp with apophysis indicated by white arrow. F) L. calcar MAC29 dorsal view with palpal apophysis indicated by white arrow. All scale bars = 1mm.