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Comparison of adult census size and effective population size support the need for continued protection of two Solomon Island endemics
<p>Because a population's ability to respond to rapid change is dictated by standing genetic variation, we can better predict a population's long-term viability by estimating and then comparing adult census size (<em>N</em>) and effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>). However, most studies only measure <em>N</em> or <em>N<sub>e</sub></em>, which can be misleading. Using a combination of field and genomic sequence data, we here estimate and compare <em>N</em> and <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> in two range-restricted endemics of the Solomon Islands. Two <em>Zosterops</em> White-eye species inhabit the small island of Kolombangara, with a high elevation species endemic to the island (<em>Z. murphyi</em>) and a low elevation species endemic to the Solomon Islands (<em>Z. kulambangrae</em>). Field observations reveal large values of <em>N </em>for both species with <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> numbering at 114,781 ± 32,233 adults, and <em>Z. murphyi</em> numbering at 64,412 ± 15,324 adults. In contrast, genomic analyses reveal that <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> was much lower than <em>N</em>, with <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> estimated at 694.5 and <em>Z. murphyi</em> at 796.1 individuals. Further, positive Tajima's D values for both species suggest that they have experienced a demographic contraction, providing a mechanism for low values of <em>N<sub>e</sub></em>. Comparison of <em>N </em>and <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> suggests that <em>Z. kulambangrae</em> and <em>Z. murphyi</em> are not at immediate threat of extinction but may be at genetic risk. Our results provide important baseline data for long-term monitoring of these island endemics, and argue for measuring both population size estimates to better gauge long-term population viability.</p>
Figure 3 in Reproductive characteristics of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Serpentes: Colubridae) from ecologically dissimilar main island and island populations
Figure 3. Relationships between (A) maternal snout-vent length (SVL) and clutch size; (B) maternal SVL and egg length (ln-transformed) and (C) clutch size and egg length in Elaphe quadrivirgata from Shiga (open circles) and Yakushima Island (closed triangles).
Figure 2 in Reproductive characteristics of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Serpentes: Colubridae) from ecologically dissimilar main island and island populations
Figure 2. Oviposition dates in Elaphe quadrivirgata from Shiga (open circles) and Yakushima Island (closed triangles).
Figure 1 in Reproductive characteristics of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Serpentes: Colubridae) from ecologically dissimilar main island and island populations
Figure 1. Geographic locations of two study sites: Shiga, in the central western area of the main island of Japan, and Yakushima Island, southwestern Japan. Two other localities (Kyoto and the Izu Islands), which are compared to the present study sites, are also shown.
Protected by dragons: density surface modeling confirms large population of the critically endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo on Komodo island
<p>Intense trapping of the critically endangered Yellow-crested Cockatoo <em>Cacatua sulphurea</em> for the International pet trade has devastated its populations across Indonesia such that populations >100 individuals remain at only a handful of sites. We combined distance sampling with density surface modeling (DSM) to predict local densities and estimate total population size for one of these areas, Komodo Island, part of Komodo National Park (KNP) in Indonesia. We modeled local density based on topography (topographic wetness index) and habitat types (percentage of palm savanna and deciduous monsoon forest). Our population estimate of 1,113 (95% CI: 587–2,109) individuals on Komodo Island was considerably larger than previous conservative estimates. Our density surface maps showed cockatoos to be absent over much of the island, but present at high densities in wooded valleys. Coincidence between our DSM and a set of independent cockatoo observations was high (93%).<br> Standardized annual counts by KNP staff in selected areas of the island showed increases in cockatoo records from <400 in 2011 to ~650 in 2017. Taken together, our results indicate that KNP, alongside and indeed because of preserving its iconic Komodo Dragons <em>Varanus komodoensis</em>, is succeeding in protecting a significant population of Indonesia's rarest cockatoo species. To our knowledge this is the first time DSM has been applied to a Critically Endangered species. Our findings highlight the potential of DSM for locating abundance hotspots, identifying habitat associations, and estimating global population size in a range of threatened taxa, especially if independent datasets can be used to validate model predictions.</p>
Capturing the dynamics of small populations: A retrospective assessment using long-term data for an island reintroduction
<p>1. The art of population modelling is to incorporate factors essential for capturing a population's dynamics while otherwise keeping the model as simple as possible. However, it is unclear how optimal model complexity should be assessed, and whether this optimal complexity has been affected by recent advances in modelling methodology. This issue is particularly relevant to small populations because they are subject to complex dynamics but inferences about those dynamics are often constrained by small sample sizes.</p> <p>2. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to long-term data on vital rates (survival and reproduction) for the toutouwai (Petroica longipes) population reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi, a 220-ha New Zealand island, and quantified the performance of those models in terms of their likelihood of replicating the observed population dynamics. These dynamics consisted of overall growth from 33 (± 0.3) to 160 (± 6) birds from 1992–2018, including recoveries following five harvest events for further reintroductions to other sites.</p> <p>3. We initially included all factors found to affect vital rates, which included inbreeding, post-release effects, density-dependence, sex, age and random annual variation, then progressively removed these factors. We also compared performance of models where data analysis and simulations were done simultaneously to those produced with the traditional two-step approach, where vital rates are estimated first then fed into a separate simulation model. Parametric uncertainty and demographic stochasticity were incorporated in all projections.</p> <p>4. The essential factors for replicating the population's dynamics were density-dependence in juvenile survival and post-release effects, i.e. initial depression of survival and reproduction in translocated birds. Inclusion of other factors reduced the precision of projections, and therefore the likelihood of matching observed dynamics. However, this reduction was modest when the modelling was done in an integrated framework. In contrast, projections were much less precise when done with a two-step modelling approach, and the cost of additional parameters was much higher under the two-step approach.</p> <p>5. These results suggest that minimization of complexity may be less important than accounting for covariances in parameter estimates, which is facilitated by integrating data analysis and population projections using Bayesian methods. 13-Aug-2021 --</p>
FIGURES – 7. SEM images of Craspedostauros laevissimus from different populations. 42. Close up of the central area externally, showing the weakly expanded central raphe endings and the cribrate areolae with usually four to five peripheral pores and up to one central pore (sample 13). 43. Close up of the central area internally, showing the narrow stauros located in a wider hyaline area, the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa, and the rounded to rectangular areolar openings internally (sample 13). 44. Close up of the apex, showing the bent distal raphe endings, cribrate areoale with up to six peripheral pores and up to two central pores (sample 13). 45. Close ups of both the valve exterior and interior (sample 11), showing the weakly expanded central raphe endings externally; the areolae near the raphe with usually four to five peripheral pores and one central pore; the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa and the rounded areolar openings internally. 46. Internal valve view, showing the narrow transverse rib of silica at the valve center (strauros) and the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa (sample 11). 47. Close up of the apex of the same valve internally, showing the rounded to square or rectangular areolar openings (sample 11). Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 46); 1 μm (Figs 42–45,47). in The genus Craspedostauros E.J.Cox (Bacillariophyta) on the coasts of Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica
FIGURES – 7. SEM images of Craspedostauros laevissimus from different populations. 42. Close up of the central area externally, showing the weakly expanded central raphe endings and the cribrate areolae with usually four to five peripheral pores and up to one central pore (sample 13). 43. Close up of the central area internally, showing the narrow stauros located in a wider hyaline area, the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa, and the rounded to rectangular areolar openings internally (sample 13). 44. Close up of the apex, showing the bent distal raphe endings, cribrate areoale with up to six peripheral pores and up to two central pores (sample 13). 45. Close ups of both the valve exterior and interior (sample 11), showing the weakly expanded central raphe endings externally; the areolae near the raphe with usually four to five peripheral pores and one central pore; the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa and the rounded areolar openings internally. 46. Internal valve view, showing the narrow transverse rib of silica at the valve center (strauros) and the central raphe endings with double helictoglossa (sample 11). 47. Close up of the apex of the same valve internally, showing the rounded to square or rectangular areolar openings (sample 11). Scale bars = 5 μm (Fig. 46); 1 μm (Figs 42–45,47).
FIGURES – 8. LM images of Craspedostauros laevissimus and C. confusus sp. nov. 2–8. Craspedostauros laevissimus (sample 11). 9–18. Craspedostauros laevissimus (sample 13). 19–26. Craspedostauros confusus sp. nov. (type population, sample 14). 27. Craspedostauros laevissimus (enlarged view of Fig. 4, sample 11). 28. Craspedostauros confusus sp. nov. (enlarged view of Fig. 22, type specimen). Scale bars = 10 µm. in The genus Craspedostauros E.J.Cox (Bacillariophyta) on the coasts of Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica
FIGURES – 8. LM images of Craspedostauros laevissimus and C. confusus sp. nov. 2–8. Craspedostauros laevissimus (sample 11). 9–18. Craspedostauros laevissimus (sample 13). 19–26. Craspedostauros confusus sp. nov. (type population, sample 14). 27. Craspedostauros laevissimus (enlarged view of Fig. 4, sample 11). 28. Craspedostauros confusus sp. nov. (enlarged view of Fig. 22, type specimen). Scale bars = 10 µm.
Genetic differentiation of a critically endangered population of the limpet Patella candei candei d'Orbigny, 1840, in the Canary Islands
<p>The adoption of measures to protect the viability of threatened populations should be supported by empirical data identifying appropriate conservation units and management strategies. The global population of the majorera limpet, <em>P. candei candei</em> d'Orbigny, 1840, is restricted to the Macaronesian islands in the NE Atlantic, including near-to-extinct and healthy populations in Fuerteventura and Selvagens, respectively. The taxonomic position, genetic diversity and intra- and interspecific relationships of these populations are unclear, which is hindering the implementation of a recovery plan for the overexploited majorera limpet on Fuerteventura. In this study, ddRAD-based genome scanning was used to overcome the limitations of mitochondrial DNA-based analysis. As a result, <em>P. candei candei</em> was genetically differentiated from the closely related <em>P. candei crenata</em> for the first time. Moreover, genetic differentiation was detected between <em>P. candei candei</em> samples from Selvagens and Fuerteventura, indicating that translocations from the healthy Selvagens source population are inadvisable. In conclusion, the majorera limpet requires population-specific management focused on the preservation of exceptional genetic diversity with which to face future environmental challenges.</p>
Improving Cancer Screening and Prevention During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Underserved Populations of Rhode Island
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04587258. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 8.
Data from: Maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of Guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation
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Data from: Human-mediated extirpation of the unique Chatham Islands sea lion and implications for the conservation management of remaining New Zealand sea lion populations
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Data from: Islands within an island: repeated adaptive divergence in a single population
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Data from: Population structure and comparative phylogeography of jack species (Caranx ignobilis and C. melampygus) in the high Hawaiian Islands
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Data from: Seasonal effects and fine-scale population dynamics of Aedes taeniorhynchus, a major disease vector in the Galapagos Islands
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Data from: Genomic tests of the species-pump hypothesis: recent island connectivity cycles drive population divergence but not speciation in Caribbean crickets across the Virgin Islands
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Data from: Partial support for the central–marginal hypothesis within a population: reduced genetic diversity but not increased differentiation at the range edge of an island endemic bird
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Data from: Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) development across an elevational gradient on Hawai'i Island: applying laboratory degree-day predictions to natural field populations
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Data from: Microhabitat heterogeneity and a non-native avian frugivore drive the population dynamics of an island endemic shrub, Cyrtandra dentata
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Data from: Testing the hypothesis of loss of defences on islands across a wide latitudinal gradient of Periploca laevigata populations
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.