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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Automated vegetation cover estimation from close-range photogrammetric point clouds in mountain terrain for comparison of vegetation location properties - Dataset

Vegetation cover data of the used plots, showing values for manually digitized, in-situ, and photogrammetric methods.

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Data from: Biotic interactions help explain variation in elevational range limits of birds among Bornean mountains

Aim Physiological tolerances and biotic interactions along habitat gradients are thought to influence species occurrence. Distributional differences caused by such forces are particularly noticeable on tropical mountains, where high species turnover along elevational gradients occurs over relatively short distances and elevational distributions of particular species can shift among mountains. Such shifts are interpreted as evidence of the importance of spatial variation in interspecific competition and habitat or climatic gradients. To assess the relative importance of competition and compression of habitat and climatic zones in setting range limits, we examined differences in elevational ranges of forest bird species among four Bornean mountains with distinct features. Location Bornean mountains Kinabalu, Mulu, Pueh and Topap Oso. Taxon Rain forest bird communities along elevational gradients. Methods We surveyed the elevational ranges of rain forest birds on four mountains in Borneo to test which environmental variables—habitat zone compression or presence of likely competitors—best predicted differences in elevational ranges of species among mountains. For this purpose, we used two complementary tests: a comparison of elevational range limits between pairs of mountains, and linear mixed models with naïve occupancy as the response variable. Results We found that lowland species occur higher in elevation on two small mountains compared to Mt. Mulu. This result is inconsistent with the expectation that distributions of habitats are elevationally compressed on small mountains, but is consistent with the hypothesis that a reduction in competition (likely diffuse) on short mountains, which largely lack montane specialist species, allows lowland species to occur higher in elevation. The relative influence of competition changes with elevation, and the correlation between lower range limits of montane species and the distribution of their competitors was weaker than in lowland species. Main conclusions These findings provide support for the importance of biotic interactions in setting elevational range limits of tropical bird species, although abiotic gradients explain the majority of distribution patterns. Thus, models predicting range shifts under climate change scenarios must include not only climatic variables, as is currently most common, but also information on potentially resulting changes in species interactions, especially for lowland species.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

FIGURE 3 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 3. Portrait of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, View of right side of upper body and head showing the pale ventral fur and bright orange fur on the head and the ruff around the neck; also note the brown color of the thumb. B, Anterior view of the left ear showing the pale orange-brown color of the pinna, strong distal emargination, and rounded pinna tip. C, Anterior view of right ear showing the ridges in the pinna and the relative length of the lanceolate tragus, which is slightly less than half the length of the pinna. D, Close-up view of the right side of the head showing the pale skin visible through the fur around eye, mouth, and on the rostrum; also note the strongly tricolored fur on the top of the head.

FIGURE 2 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 2. Photographs of roosting and surrounding habitats at the type locality in the Guinean Nimba Mountains. A, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 1. B, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 3 with harp trap placed for bat capture. C, Ecotone of savanna and gallery forest habitats at the headwaters of the Zié river viewable from where bats were captured at adit entrances.

FIGURE 9 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 9. Spectrogram of echolocation calls emitted by the holotype Myotis nimbaensis upon initial release (FFT size 1024, Hanning window; sampling rate of 500 kHz). Color scale represents amplitude of sound in decibels (dB).

FIGURE 6 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 6. Uropatagium, foot, calcar, and flight membrane attachments in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, Dorsal side of the uropatagium showing orangish brown skin with orange fur on the proximal 1/3 of the surface of the membrane. B, Ventral side of uropatagium showing pale cream-colored fur on proximal 1/5 of ventral membrane surface; this fur continues across the femur onto the proximal plagiopatagium in a narrow strip that does not extend past the knee. C, Dorsal view of distal leg, foot, calcar, and associated flight membranes. Note that the wing membrane (on right of the foot) attaches to the foot at the base of the first toe, and the calcar (on the left of the foot) is more than twice the length of the hind foot. D, Close-up of the dorsal surface of the foot showing sparse, long brown hairs on each toe. E, Close-up of the ventral side of foot and toes showing dark brown coloration. F, Ventral view of the hind leg and foot showing the relatively small foot size (foot length = 2/5 of tibia length) and the patterning of black membrane pigmentation near the leg and foot.

FIGURE 5 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 5. Coloration of the wing membranes in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, Dorsal surface of the wing showing the dichromatic black and orange skin coloration. The plagiopatagium and dactylopagial membranes are mostly black with thin orange bands along the metacarpals, phalanges, and forearm; the black pigmentation also extends nearly to the body wall in the area between the forearm and the hind leg. The propatagium is pale orange. B, Dorsal surface of the anterior and proximal portion of the wing showing the patterning of the black pigmentation near the body. C, Dorsal surface of the distal wing showing the brown thumb and orange (not black) pigmentation of the membrane between digits II and III.

FIGURE 1 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 1. Relief map with satellite imagery overlaid showing the capture locations of the Myotis nimbaensis holotype (red triangle: captured 26 January 2018; red circle: collected 2 February 2018) and other sites where this species was likely detected with acoustic monitoring at entrances of underground sites (yellow squares). The mining concession footprint is shown as the unshaded area within the Nimba Mountains Strict Nature Reserve and Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (identical boundaries) that are overlaid by light green shading. Dominant habitat types are visible as different textures from the satellite imagery showing how gallery forests occur along steep canyons surrounded by savanna at higher elevations. Roads and trails in the mining concession are also visible as light brown features. Location of the Nimba Mountains in relation to Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire is shown in the inset.

FIGURE 4 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 4. Fur color and banding in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, View of the dorsal fur showing the overall bright orange coloration; creamy white bands on the hairs proximal to the bright orange fur tips are visible on the lower right near the leg where the fur has been somewhat disturbed. B, Close-up of dorsal fur over the lower back showing tricolored fur in a spot on the center left where the fur has been slightly teased apart; where the fur is undisturbed, the banding of individual hairs is not visible. C, dorsal fur over lower back clearly showing the tricolored banding in an area where the fur has been separated by blowing. D, Ventral fur over torso showing overall paler coloration than dorsal fur, and tricolored banding of the hairs with less orange at the tips. E, Ventral fur over left side of the thorax showing bicolored banding (lack of a black basal band) near the wing membrane.

FIGURE 11 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 11. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of subgenus Chrysopteron using an alignment of 634 base pairs of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Colored circles at nodes represent support values as posterior probability from Bayesian analyses. Support values lower than 50% at shallow nodes are not shown. Tip labels indicate GenBank accession number and locality. Myotis tricolor 1, 2, and 3 and M. welwitschii 1 and 2 are labeled following Patterson et al. (2019).

FIGURE 8 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 8. Dentition of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype): A, lateral view of upper toothrow; B, occlusal view of upper toothrow; C, occlusal view of lower toothrow; D, lateral view of lower toothrow. (Drawings by Patricia J. Wynne.)

FIGURE 10 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of subgenus Chrysopteron using an alignment of 634 base pairs of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Colored circles at nodes represent support values as bootstrap percentage from maximum likelihood analyses. Support values lower than 50% at shallow nodes are not shown. Tip labels indicate GenBank accession number and locality. Myotis tricolor 1, 2, and 3 and M. welwitschii 1 and 2 are labeled following Patterson et al. (2019).

FIGURE 7 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea

FIGURE 7. Skull and jaws of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype): A, dorsal view of skull; B, ventral view of skull; C, lateral view of skull and lower jaws. (Drawings by Patricia J. Wynne.)

FIG. 15 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 15. — Circular diagrams of faunal composition of ostracod assemblages from examined samples of the Belca section, Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia, Carnian, Late Triassic.

FIG. 10 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 10. — Height/Length scatter plots of Issacharella bisulcata Kozur, 1972 emend. Kristan-Tollmann in Kristan-Tollmann et al. (1991b). The dimensions of right and left valves of complete carapaces are linked.

FIG. 12 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 12. — Height/Length scatter plots of Leviella bogschi Kozur, 1972. The dimensions of right and left valves of complete carapaces are linked.

FIG. 2 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 2. — Schematic lithostratigraphic column of the Triassic formations in the KoŠuta Nappe and in Hahnkogel Unit (modified from Kolar-JurkovŠek et al. 2005).

FIG. 14. — A in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 14. — A, individual rarefaction curves, B, diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson) of ostracods assemblages from the Belca section, Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia, Carnian, Late Triassic.

FIG. 1 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 1. — Geographical map of the studied area in the southern Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia. The star shows the position of the Belca section.

FIG. 13 in Ostracods from the 'Raibl Beds' (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Belca section in Karavanke Mountains, northwestern Slovenia

FIG. 13. — Height/Length scatter plots of Leviella veghae Kozur, 1972. The dimensions of right and left valves of complete carapaces are linked.