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419 results for “mycorrhizal.”
Data from: Negative effects of phosphorus addition override positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on grassland temporal stability
<p>The temporal stability of a plant community in a native grassland ecosystem is affected substantially by soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment. However, the interactions between N and P inputs and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their effects on the temporal stability of plant productivity have not yet been clarified. In this study, we combined a three-year <em>in situ</em> field experiment with a worldwide meta-analysis to assess the effects of soil fertilisation and AMF on the temporal stability of plant productivity. The addition of P decreased the stability of plant productivity as the standard deviation of plant productivity was increased directly and the temporal stability of C<sub>3</sub> grasses was decreased. However, there was no relationship between species richness and the stability, and of plant productivity, rather the stability of the dominant functional group and asynchrony among functional groups were the main drivers changing the stability of change in plant productivity. In both the site-specific experimental data analysis and worldwide meta-analysis, the negative effects of P addition overrode the positive effects of AMF on the temporal stability of plant communities. Overall, our study highlights the importance of soil nutrient availability over AMF in terms of shaping the temporal stability of a plant community. Our results also suggest that anthropogenic soil nutrient enrichment might reduce the temporal stability of plant communities in grassland environments regardless of the existence of AMF.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities respond to nutrient enrichment and plant invasion in phosphorus-limited eucalypt woodlands
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) facilitate ecosystem functioning through provision of plant hosts with phosphorus (P), especially where soil P is limiting. Changes in soil nutrient regimes are expected to impact AMF, but the direction of the impact may depend on context. We predicted that nitrogen (N)-only enrichment promotes plant invasions and exacerbates their P limitation, increasing the utility of AMF and promoting AMF diversity. We expected that enrichment with N, P and other nutrients similarly promotes plant invasions, but decreases the benefit and diversity of AMF because P is readily available for both native and exotic plants. We tested these hypotheses in eucalypt woodlands of south-western Australia, that occur on soils naturally low in P. We evaluated AMF communities within three modified ground-layer states representing different types of nutrient enrichment and associated plant invasions. We compared these modified states to near-natural reference woodlands. AMF richness varied across ground-layer states. The moderately invaded/N-enriched state showed the highest AMF richness, while the highly invaded/NP-enriched state showed the lowest AMF richness. The reference state and the weakly invaded/enriched state were intermediate. AMF richness and colonisation were higher in roots of exotic than native plant species. AMF community composition differed among ground-layer states, with the highly invaded/NP-enriched state being most distinct. Distinctions among states were often driven by family-level patterns. Reference and moderately invaded/N-enriched states each supported distinct groups of zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) in Acaulosporaceae, Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, whereas Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae were nearly absent from the highly invaded/NP-enriched state. Further, Diversisporaceae and Glomeraceae were most diverse in the moderately invaded/N-enriched state.</p> <p> Synthesis. Both the nature of soil nutrient enrichment and plant provenance matter for AMF. N-only enrichment of low-P soils increased AMF richness, likely due to introduction of AMF-dependent exotic plant species and exacerbation of their P-limitation. In contrast, multi-nutrient enrichment, decreased AMF richness potentially due to a decrease in host dependence on AMF, regardless of host provenance. The changes in AMF community composition with nutrient enrichment and plant invasion warrants further research into predicting the functional implications of these changes.</p>
Dataset associated with: Increasing presence of non-native plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during a 10-year survey along subarctic mountains roads
<p>Roads in cold climate mountains are known to be important vectors in the introduction and spread of non-native plant species. In the same context, mycorrhizal fungi communities are also altered by roads with a known positive effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi diversity and abundance in disturbed roadsides. However, to what degree these two effects of roads are intertwined and how they are evolving over time is not well understood. In this study we conducted repeated surveys of non-native plants and AM fungi between 2012 and 2022, in the northern Scandes mountains to investigate temporal changes and interactions between roads, mycorrhizal fungi, and non-native plants. We found that the upward spread of non-native plants and lateral spread away from the roadside into the natural vegetation were so far extremely limited, with only two out of 23 non-native species showing an increase in their upper elevational limit. However, non-native plant species cover did increase over the ten year period, especially at lower elevations, and non-native richness increased from 17 to 23 species. Likewise, we saw an increase in AM fungal abundance over the last four years along the roadsides at lower elevations. Furthermore, our results suggest that increases in non-native species are unlikely to be the driving cause of the observed increase in AM fungal abundance, as AM fungi colonization varied independently of non-native species cover dynamics. </p> <p>This is the associated datasets and R-code. Check out the ReadMe.txt-file for information on the different files.</p>
FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A in Glomus rugosae, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal species in Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) from maritime sand dunes of Poland and an ash pond of Czech Republic
FIGURE 2A–H. Glomus rugosae. A. Cluster with sporogenous hyphae (h), spores (sp), and a spore subtending hypha (sh). B–F. Spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. F, G. Subtending hyphal wall layers (shwl) 1–4 continuous with spore wall layers (swl) 1–4. H. Arbuscule (a), intraradical hyphae (ih), and vesicle (v) in Plantago lanceolata root stained in 0.1% Trypan blue. A, B, G, H. Spores and mycorrhizal structures in PVLG. C–F. Spores in PVLG+Melzer's reagent. A–H. Differential interference microscopy. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B–H = 10 μm.
FIGURE 2. The Bayesian 50 in Tulasnella tubericola (Tulasnellaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota): a new Rhizoctonia-like fungus associated with mycorrhizal evergreen oak plants artificially inoculated with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) in Spain
FIGURE 2. The Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree inferred from sequences of the ITS region of rDNA. Numbers above and below nodes represent bayesian posterior probabilities. Phylogram was rooted with an ITS sequence of Botryobasidium botryosum.
FIGURE 1. Tulasnella tubericola CECT 20958 in Tulasnella tubericola (Tulasnellaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota): a new Rhizoctonia-like fungus associated with mycorrhizal evergreen oak plants artificially inoculated with black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) in Spain
FIGURE 1. Tulasnella tubericola CECT 20958 (holotype). a-c. morphological aspect in PDA culture (front view) at several temperatures; d. runner hyphae; e. monilioid-like hyphal elements; f. chains of monilioid cells; g. bi- and tri-nucleate hyphae
FIGURE 2 in Terfezia lusitanica, a new mycorrhizal species associated to Tuberaria guttata (Cistaceae)
FIGURE 2. Macro and micro features of Terfezia lusitanica: (a) ascocarp collected under Tuberaria guttata, (b) mature ascocarps with T. guttata flower, (c) whitish gleba of an inmature ascocarp, (d) pseudoparenchymatous peridium, (e, f) ascospores. Bars: d) 20 μm; e) 13 μm; f) 7.5 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Terfezia lusitanica, a new mycorrhizal species associated to Tuberaria guttata (Cistaceae)
FIGURE 1. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) consensus phylogenetic tree of the ITS sequences. The first values on the branches are the NJ bootstrap proportions (≥50%) and the values after the slash represent the MP bootstrap proportions (≥50%) of 500 bootstrapping replicates.
Lotus2 on Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Galaxy Training Network - Example Run Output
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The association of mycorrhizal fungi with mature tree growth is stronger in high nitrogen soils for an EMF tree and in low nitrogen for two AMF trees
<p>Soil and microbial data for the manuscript: </p> <p><strong><span>The association of mycorrhizal fungi with mature tree growth is stronger in high nitrogen soils for an EMF tree and in low nitrogen for two AMF trees</span></strong></p>
Data from: Stable isotope signatures of underground seedlings reveal the organic matter gained by adult orchids from mycorrhizal fungi
1.Orchids produce dust seeds dependent on the provision of organic carbon by mycorrhizal fungi for their early development stages. Hence, all chlorophyllous orchids experience a dramatic switch in trophic strategies from initial mycoheterotrophy to either autotrophy or partial mycoheterotrophy during ontogeny. Yet, the degree to which partially mycoheterotrophic orchids gain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi is unclear based on existing approaches. 2.Here, we propose a novel approach to quantify the fungal-derived organic matter gain of chlorophyllous mature orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonia fungi using the stable isotope signatures of their fully mycoheterotrophic (FMH) seedlings in a linear two-source mixing model. 3.We conducted a field germination experiment with seven orchid species and measured carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen stable isotope natural abundances and nitrogen concentrations of mature orchids, underground seedlings and autotrophic references. 4.After in situ burial for 19 – 30 months, germination rates varied considerably among five orchid species and failed for two. On average, underground seedlings were enriched in 13C and 15N relative to mature orchids and had higher nitrogen concentrations. Using the mean enrichment factors ε13C and ε2H of seedlings as FMH endpoint, the organic matter gain derived by mature orchids from mycorrhizas was ca. 20%. 5.Chlorophyllous orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonias are predisposed to partially mycoheterotrophic nutrition due to their initially mycoheterotrophic seedling stage. We show that the carbon and hydrogen isotope abundances of underground seedlings can be used in an improved mixing-model to identify a significant proportion of fungal-derived organic matter in mature orchids.
Ericoid mycorrhizal shrubs alter the relationship between tree mycorrhizal dominance and soil carbon and nitrogen
<p>1. Plant-fungal associations strongly influence forest carbon and nitrogen cycling. The prevailing framework for understanding these relationships is through the relative abundance of arbuscular (AM) versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees. Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs are also common in forests and interactions between co-occurring ErM shrubs and AM and EcM trees could shift soil biogeochemical responses. Here we test hypotheses that the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen either extend or are redundant with those of EcM trees.</p> <p>2. Using regional vegetation inventory data (>3,500 plot observations) we evaluated the frequency, richness, and relative abundance of ErM plants in temperate forests in the eastern United States and examined their relationship with EcM plant cover. We then used surface soil (7 cm) data from 414 plots within a single forest to analyze relationships between ErM plant cover, relative EcM tree basal area, and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations while accounting for other biogeochemical controls, such as soil moisture.</p> <p>3. At both scales, we found a positive relationship between ErM and EcM plants, and the majority of ErM plants were in the shrub layer. Within the forest site, ErM plants strongly modulated tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. We found negative relationships between EcM relative basal area and soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, but these relationships were weak to negligible in the absence of ErM plants. Both EcM relative basal area and ErM plant cover were positively associated with the soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. However, this relationship was driven by relatively lower nitrogen for EcM trees and higher carbon for ErM plants. As such, the functional effects of ErM plants on soil biogeochemistry neither extended nor were redundant with those of EcM trees.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. We found that ErM shrubs strongly influenced the relationship between tree mycorrhizal associations and soil biogeochemistry, and the effects of ErM shrubs and EcM trees on carbon and nitrogen were functionally distinct. Our findings suggest that ErM shrubs could confound interpretation of AM versus EcM tree effects in ecosystems where they co-occur but also bolster growing calls to consider mycorrhizal functional types as variables that strongly influence forest biogeochemistry.</p>
Data from: Severance of arbuscular mycorrhizal networks in restoration grasslands enhances seedling biomass
<p>1. Establishment and growth of grassland plant species is generally promoted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) when grown in isolation. However, in grassland communities AMF form networks that may connect individual plants of different ages within and between species. Here, we use an in-growth core approach to examine how mycorrhizal networks influences performance of seedlings in grasslands.</p> <p>2. We selected 4 grass and 4 forb species with known negative or neutral-positive plant-soil feedback and grew them individually in steel mesh cores filled with living field soil. Cores were placed in six restored grasslands, three grasslands were of relatively young and three were of older successional age.</p> <p>3. Ingrowing mycorrhizal fungal hyphae were severed twice a week in half of all cores, which resulted into reduced AMF colonisation and increased seedling biomass, irrespective of the fields' succession stage, and the plants' grass/forb group, or plant-soil feedback type. In the control cores, root colonization by AMF was negatively correlated to seedling biomass, whereas there was no such relationships in the cores that had been lifted.</p> <p>4. We conclude that connections to arbuscular mycorrhizal networks of surrounding plants had a negative impact on biomass of establishing forb and grass seedlings.</p>
Mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphorus supply determine interactions among plants with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
<p>Highly diverse plant communities growing on nutrient-impoverished soils are test beds for theories on species coexistence. Here, neighbouring mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants compete for limited phosphorus. The impact of belowground interactions on community dynamics is underexplored.</p> <p>We used an experimental approach to investigate effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a phosphorus supply gradient on competitive and facilitative interactions among mixed assemblages of woody plants in microcosms. The plant species, one cluster-root forming (CR) species and four AM species, are native to jarrah forest that grows on nutrient-impoverished soils in south-western Australia. We measured plant growth in microcosms, with and without inoculation with the AM fungus <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i>,<i> </i>and across a gradient of P supply: 0, 9, 27, and 243 mg P per kg of soil.</p> <p>Our data show evidence of plant-plant facilitation at low P supply and competition at high P supply. Growth of the CR species, <i>Hakea undulata</i>, was highest in microcosms with 0P and without AM inoculation. One AM species, <i>Bossiaea aquifolium</i>, also performed better at lower P levels, possibly benefitting from P mobilised by <i>H. undulata</i>. The other three AM species, one strongly obligate, performed better at higher P levels. Data for <i>Acacia celastrifolia</i> suggested it was facultatively mycotropic, and because there was no correlation between AM colonisation and the relative inoculum effect, we suggest positive effects of AM inoculation at 9P might be due to benefits other than P-acquisition, such as pathogen defence. Benefit of AM inoculation diminished for three of four mycorrhizal species at the highest P-level as we had predicted. The fourth species, <i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> (jarrah), had higher growth in microcosms that were not inoculated with AM, perhaps because the species benefits more from ectomycorrhizas.</p> <p><i>Synthesis. </i>Our experimental data suggests spatial heterogeneity of soil P, coupled with a diversity of nutrient acquisition strategies, and plasticity among plant-plant and plant-AM fungi interactions, contributes to plant species coexistence in the nutrient-impoverished jarrah forest. Our research highlights the importance of belowground mechanisms for understanding factors determining community structure including a potential role of AM fungi in plant pathogen defence.</p>
Genetic control of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization by Rhizophagus intraradices in Helianthus annuus (L.)
<p>Plant symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi provides many benefits, including increased nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and belowground pathogen resistance. To develop a better understanding of the genetic architecture of mycorrhizal symbiosis, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of this plant-fungal interaction in cultivated sunflower. A diversity panel of cultivated sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus </i>L.) was phenotyped for root colonization under inoculation with the AM fungus <i>Rhizophagus intraradices. </i>Using a mixed linear model approach with a high-density genetic map, we identified genomic regions that are likely associated with <i>R. intraradices </i>colonization in sunflower. Additionally, we used a set of twelve diverse lines to assess the effect that inoculation with <i>R. intraradices</i> has on dried shoot biomass and macronutrient uptake.<b> </b>Colonization amongst lines in the mapping panel ranged from 0-70% and was not correlated with mycorrhizal growth response, shoot phosphorus response, or shoot potassium response among the Core 12 lines. Association mapping yielded three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with <i>R. intraradices </i>colonization. This is the first study to use GWAS to identify genomic regions associated with AM colonization in an Asterid eudicot species. Three genes of interest identified from the regions containing these SNPs are likely related to plant defense.</p>
The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: Evidence from an evolutionary approach
<p>Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short-lived than the usual and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous-spored species (70%) are epiphytes, and these account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous-spored ferns are also overrepresented among species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types are also united by a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We, therefore, hypothesize that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations. We evaluated the evolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods. We found that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations are strongly associated with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats are 200-fold higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages. Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations.</p>
Data for: Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence plant nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) by modifying plant N and P uptake, which further affects plant stoichiometric N/P homeostasis. Plant species and community stoichiometric N/P homeostasis can impact plant species and community stability, respectively, in response to variations of soil N and P availabilities. We investigated interspecific plant interactions via AMF in regard to plant and soil microbial N/P stoichiometry across different soil N and P availabilities induced by N and P addition (0 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 25 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 50 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 30 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 100 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>). We selected one dominant (<em>Bothriochloa ischaemum</em>; C4 grass) and one subordinate (<em>Lespedeza davurica</em>; legume) species in a natural grassland climax community. We examined how AMF influences stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in monoculture and mixed culture systems, and the resulting consequences for temporal stability of plant species and community in response to variations in soil N and P availability.</p> <p>The AMF mitigated the P limitation of soil microbial communities and decreased the degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis of host plants in monoculture. Through their resource-scavenging and soil organic matter mineralisation functions, AMF enhances plant 'luxury consumption', promoting species stability in monoculture in response to soil N and P availability variations. Compared with plants in monoculture, the interaction between <em>B. ischaemum</em> and <em>L. davurica</em> via AMF increased shoot N/P under soil N-poor conditions, leading to an enhanced degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in both plant species, especially the legume.</p> <p>Our results suggest that interspecific plant interaction between C4 grass and legume mediated by AMF confers an advantage in complementarity in plant N acquisition under N-poor conditions, leading to increased stability of plant communities and better maintenance of subordinate species (legume) in response to soil N deficiency.</p>
Contrasting mycorrhizal growth responses in native and invasive woody species are associated with distinct root trait syndromes
<ol> <li>Invasive plant species often express resource-acquisitive leaf traits that support rapid growth, but associated fine root traits and the role of microbial mutualists in invader whole-plant functioning remains poorly understood.</li> <li>We performed an experiment of 12 phylogenetically-grouped native and non-native, invasive woody species, grown with or without a common inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) across two nutrient levels. We measured 10 fine root traits associated with nutrient uptake and suitability of AMF colonization.</li> <li>The presence of AMF increased the growth rate of all species, but native species were significantly more dependent on AMF than invaders. Further, invaders expressed a distinct syndrome of first-order root traits, including longer, thinner roots of high specific root length, greater branching intensity, and lower tissue density, which are traits associated with rapid nutrient uptake and low AMF association. This syndrome was independent of phylogeny, AMF inoculation, and soil fertility.</li> <li>An acquisitive fine root trait syndrome for invaders supports high photosynthetic and growth rates, linking above- and below-ground functioning. The occurrence of this syndrome across phylogenetic groups indicates that lineages of woody invaders typically associated with arbuscular mycorrhizas may be generally less dependent on AMF than native species.</li> </ol>
Data from: Two widespread green Neottia species (Orchidaceae) show mycorrhizal preference for Sebacinales in various habitats and ontogenetic stages
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Modelling mycorrhizal fungi dispersal by the mycophagous swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor)
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