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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
Morphological data quantifying sexual dimorphism of Anolis carolinensis in presence and absence of congener
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Data from: Costly conspicuousness reveals benefits of sexual dimorphism in brood parasitic diederik cuckoos
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Can diet niche partitioning enhance sexual dimorphism?
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Data from: The effect of miniaturization on the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in geckos
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Data for: Highly contiguous genome assembly of Drosophila prolongata – a model for evolution of sexual dimorphism and male-specific innovations
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Data from: Asymmetry in cross-sex cross-trait genetic covariances and the evolvability of sexual dimorphism
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Data from: The evolution of sex similarities in social signals: Climatic seasonality is associated with lower sexual dimorphism and greater elaboration of female and male signals in antbirds (Thamnophilidae)
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Range-wide study in a sexually polymorphic wild strawberry reveals climatic and soil associations of sex ratio, sexual dimorphism, and sex chromosomes
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Figure 8.18. MOR 1125, a in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.18. MOR 1125, a female Tyrannosaurus rex, clusters with other robust individuals.
Figure 8.15 in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.15. Humerus length vs. circumference.
Figure 8.11. Metatarsal II in Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 8.11. Metatarsal II length vs. circumference.
Data from: The evolution of sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons in blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)Cuticular hydrocarbons of Australian Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
<p>Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are organic compounds found on the cuticles of all insects which can act as close-contact pheromones, while also providing a hydrophobic barrier to water loss. Given their widespread importance in sexual behaviour and survival, CHCs have likely contributed heavily to the adaptation and speciation of insects. Despite this, the patterns and mechanisms of their diversification have been studied in very few taxa. This dataset constitutes the first of CHCs in Australian <em>Chrysomya </em>blowflies. The data demonstrate that blowflies express an exceptional diversity of CHCs, which have diversified in a non-phylogenetic and punctuated manner, are species-specific, and sexually dimorphic. </p>
Macroevolutionary patterns of sexual size dimorphism among African tree frogs (Family: Hyperoliidae)
<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is shaped by multiple selective forces that drive the evolution of sex-specific body size, resulting in male or female-biased SSD. Stronger selection on one sex can result in an allometric body-size scaling relationship consistent with Rensch's rule or its converse. Anurans (frogs and toads) generally display female-biased SSD, but there is variation across clades and the mechanisms driving the evolution of SSD remain poorly understood. We investigated these topics in a diverse family of African treefrogs (Hyperoliidae). Hyperoliids display traits considered rare among amphibians, including sexual dichromatism and protogynous sex change. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested if adult ecology, sexual dichromatism, and sex change were predictors of body size or SSD. We also tested whether hyperoliids displayed allometric interspecific body-size-scaling relationships. We found a majority of hyperoliid taxa display female-biased SSD, but that adult ecology and sexual dichromatism are poor predictors of sex-specific body size and SSD. Regardless of the groupings analyzed (partitioned by clades or traits), we found support for isometric body-size scaling. However, we found that sex change is a significant predictor of SSD variation. Species in the <i>Hyperolius viridiflavus </i>complex, which putatively display this trait, show a significant reduction in SSD and tend to be sexually monomorphic in size. Although protogynous sex change needs to be validated for several of these species, we tentatively propose this trait is a novel mechanism influencing anuran body size evolution. Beyond this association, additional factors that shape the evolution of anuran body size and SSD remain elusive.</p>
Cryptic sexual dimorphism reveals differing selection pressures on continental islands - Sulawesi Babbler (Pellorneum celebense) Morphometric Dataset
<p>Birds are well known for their sexual dimorphism. But not all forms of dimorphism are the same, and differences in morphology can be so subtle that they aren't detected by casual observation. We report that this is the case with the Sulawesi Babbler (<i>Pellorneum celebense</i>), the first reported instance of sexual dimorphism in this species or any of the ground babblers of the Southeast Asian islands. Our finding is based on a combination of morphometric analyses, genetic sexing, and observation of breeding condition. We highlight the utility of unsupervised clustering approaches, widely used in the biomedical literature, for the investigation of sexual dimorphism in ecological and evolutionary contexts.</p> <p>The sexual dimorphism was weaker on the mainland of Sulawesi and stronger on the continental islands of Kabaena, Muna, and Buton. This suggests that different evolutionary pressures have led the species to partition niches differently in these habitats, which separated only recently in geological history. This kind of intraspecific niche partitioning is an intrinsic part of the ecological niche of such species, one we must not miss if we are to fully understand these endlessly fascinating organisms and systems.</p>
Figure 1. Iporangaia pustulosa male touching the metatarsal gland IV in Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care
Figure 1. Iporangaia pustulosa male touching the metatarsal gland IV on a leaf (seta).
Figure 2. Iporangaia pustulosa male rubbing the right metatarsus IV in Mode of use of sexually dimorphic glands in a Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) with paternal care
Figure 2. Iporangaia pustulosa male rubbing the right metatarsus IV against the substrate (seta).
3D Modelling of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism in Children
<p>Template and data used in the project "3D Modelling of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Sexual Dimorphism in Children"</p>
Interspecific allometry for sexual shape dimorphism: macroevolution of multivariate sexual phenotypes with application to Rensch's rule
<p>Allometric trends in the degree of sexual dimorphism with body size have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many male-biased clades display more prominent sexual dimorphism in larger taxa (Rensch's rule), with most examples documenting this pattern for body size dimorphism. While sexual dimorphism in traits other than body size is equally functionally relevant, characterizing allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in such traits is hampered by lack of an analytical framework that can accommodate multivariate phenotypes. In this paper we derive a multivariate equivalency for investigating trends in sexual dimorphism – relative to overall body size – across taxa and provide a generalized test to determine whether such allometric patterns correspond with Rensch's rule. For univariate linear traits like body size, our approach yields equivalent results to those from standard procedures, but our test is also capable of detecting trends in multivariate datasets like shape. Computer simulations reveal the method displays appropriate statistical properties, and an empirical example in Mediterranean lizards provides the first demonstration of Rensch's rule in a multivariate phenotype (head shape). Our generalized procedure substantially extends the analytical toolkit for investigating macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism and seeking a better understanding of the processes that underlie them.</p>
Early sexual dimorphism in the developing gut microbiome of northern elephant seals
<p>The gut microbiome is an integral part of a species' ecology, but we know little about how host characteristics impact its development in wild populations. Here, we explored the role of such intrinsic factors in shaping the gut microbiome of northern elephant seals during a critical developmental window of six weeks after weaning, when the pups stay ashore without feeding. We found substantial sex-differences in the early-life gut microbiome, even though males and females could not yet be distinguished morphologically. Sex and age both explained around 15% of the variation in gut microbial beta diversity, while microbial communities sampled from the same individual showed high levels of similarity across time, explaining another 40% of the variation. Only a small proportion of the variation in beta diversity was explained by health status, assessed by full blood counts, but clinically healthy individuals had a greater microbial alpha diversity than their clinically abnormal peers. Across the post-weaning period, the northern elephant seal gut microbiome was highly dynamic. We found evidence for several colonisation and extinction events as well as a decline in <i>Bacteroides </i>and an increase in <i>Prevotella</i>, a pattern that has previously been associated with the transition from nursing to solid food. Lastly, we show that genetic relatedness was correlated with gut microbiome similarity in males but not females, again reflecting early sex-differences. Our study represents a naturally diet-controlled and longitudinal investigation of how intrinsic factors shape the early gut microbiome in a species with extreme sex differences in morphology and life history.</p>
Data from: Sexual dimorphism and retinal mosaic diversification following the evolution of a violet receptor in butterflies
Numerous animal lineages have expanded and diversified the opsin-based photoreceptors in their eyes underlying color vision behavior. However, the selective pressures giving rise to new photoreceptors and their spectral tuning remain mostly obscure. Previously, we identified a violet receptor (UV2) that is the result of a UV opsin gene duplication specific to Heliconius butterflies. At the same time the violet receptor evolved, Heliconius evolved UV-yellow coloration on their wings, due to the pigment 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK) and the nanostructure architecture of the scale cells. In order to better understand the selective pressures giving rise to the violet receptor, we characterized opsin expression patterns using immunostaining (14 species) and RNA-Seq (18 species), and reconstructed evolutionary histories of visual traits in five major lineages within Heliconius and one species from the genus Eueides. Opsin expression patterns are hyperdiverse within Heliconius. We identified six unique retinal mosaics and three distinct forms of sexual dimorphism based on ommatidial types within the genus Heliconius. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed independent losses of opsin expression, pseudogenization events, and relaxation of selection on UVRh2 in one lineage. Despite this diversity, the newly evolved violet receptor is retained across most species and sexes surveyed. Discriminability modeling of behaviorally preferred 3-OHK yellow wing coloration suggests that the violet receptor may facilitate Heliconius color vision in the context of conspecific recognition. Our observations give insights into the selective pressures underlying the origins of new visual receptors.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.