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Fig. 3 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A, B) and Kachpurites subfulgens (Nikitin, 1881) (C) and shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone). A. MSU 113/5, Eganovo locality, Moscow region, shell with scars on both sides, specimen in lateral view. The shell is preserved without a phragmocone and an aperture. B. MSU 113/14, Mnevniki locality, Moscow, body chamber in lateral (B 1, B2) and ventral (B 3, B4) views. C. MSU 113/4, Kuntsevo locality, Moscow, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and an aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, A 3, B1, B3, C 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, A 4, B2, B4, C 2).

Fig. 14 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 14. Reconstruction of two Late Volgian ammonites from Craspeditidae family, Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A), Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (B). Ten arms are shown because Nautilus and representatives of Coleoidea exhibit five arm pairs in embryos, it can be a base number of arms in Cephalopoda (Kröger et al. 2011). Two long tentacles are very speculative. However, such tentacles for external-shelled cephalopods could be very useful for catching pray which is at a distance; since rapid jumping forward could be difficult for these mollusks. The large hyponome was shown because of the presence of a funnel-locking apparatus and hyponomic retractors, and also due to the shape of aperture edges with lateral apertural sinuses and the presence of a large round opening between lappets in some ammonites (Westermann 1990: fig. 2). The eyes were drawn similar to coleoid eyes because Ammonoidea and Coleoidea were sister taxons (Jacobs and Landman 1993). The dark transverse bands on the shells correspond to the most common ammonites' color pattern (Keupp 2000). The presence of such a color pattern in the Craspeditidae family is confirmed by findings of shells with transverse dark bands (AAM unpublished material). This picture, drawn by Andrey Atuchin, was based on the sketch of the author of this article.

Fig. 13. A in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 13. A. Schematic reconstruction of the ammonite muscular system, lateral view. The mantle and organs in the body chamber are not shown. The size and shape of the arms and tentacles are highly speculative and drawn schematically. Arrow marks position of the schematic cross-section in B. B. Schematic cross-section of ammonite soft body. The cross-section is located in the first third of the body chamber starting from the aperture (arrow in A), only muscles-retractors are shown.

Fig. 12 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Dorsal and ventral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (A, C) and Mnevniki locality (B, E). A. MSU 113/37, dorsal scar, apical parts of scars are merged with an annular elevation (black line near the last septum). B. MSU 113/40, dorsal (B 1) and ventral (B 2) scars. C. MSU 113/38, dorsal scar with preserved growth lines (C 1), ventral scar (C 2). D. MSU 113/41, ventral attachment scar.

Fig. 10 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 10. Lateral attachment scars and anterior lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, E) and Mnevniki locality (B–D, F). A. MSU 113/20, shell with preserved scar and lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/12, scars and lateral sinuses on the fragment of the body chamber. C. MSU 113/6, fully preserved body chamber with a scar and frequently located lateral sinuses. D. MSU 113/39, central part of the body chamber with a scar and bright lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/47, fragment of the body chamber with a scar and clearly visible lateral sinuses. F. MSU 113/15, a part of the body chamber with a front end of a scar and clearly visible frequently located anterior lateral sinus lines. Sinuses are absent near the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1–F1) and explanatory drawings (A 2–F2).

Fig. 9 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 9. Posterior borders of the lateral attachment scars on the Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A–D) and Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (E) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens and Craspedites subditus zones, respectively), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A–D), Kuntsevo locality (E). A. MSU 113/29, apical part of body chamber with a series of posterior borders of scars very similar to the lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/32, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. C. MSU 113/33, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. D. MSU 113/8, part of body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. Scar has a series of clearly visible sinus-like posterior borders. The specimen is preserved without aperture. E. MSU 113/43, apical part of the body chamber, posterior border of a scar is visible on one side of this specimen at a distance from the last septum. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1 –E 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –E 2).

Fig. 2 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Schemes of Kachpurites and Garniericeras muscle attachment scars. A, B. Kachpurites fulgens; lateral attachment scars with enclosed apical part (A, see also Fig. 10A) and without an apical border (B, see also Fig. 6B). C. Kachpurites cheremkhensis; lateral sinus and lateral attachment scars (see also Fig. 5A). D. Kachpurites subfulgens; lateral attachment scars and partially-preserved lateral sinuses (see also Fig. 3A). E. Garniericeras catenulatum with lateral (shifted to ventral side) attachment scars (see also Fig. 7B). F. United idealized scheme of the Kachpurites fulgens mantle attachment system. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber.

Fig. 5 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. based on GKG CA−007,GKG CA−008, GKG CA−002B, showing disposition of lophophore, small visceral cavity and location of measurements indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 4. Sketch drawings of the linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. illustrated in Fig. 2 and 3. A. Sketch of Fig. 2C1 (GKG CA−008B). B. Sketch of Fig. 2 E(GKG CA−002B). C. Sketch of Fig. 3C1(GKG CA−007B). D. Sketch of Fig. 3D1(GKG CA−013(2)). Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 1. A. Map showing the locality (star) where the brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. was collected. B. Stratigraphical correlation of the muddy deposits yielding the Guanshan fanua including A. decaius sp. nov. in Gaoloufang section near Guangwei village, Kunming, southern China.

Fig. 3 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 3. Linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. from the early Cambrian Guanshan fauna, showing the proximal pedicles (tailed arrows) and gut remains (simple arrows), Yunnan, China. A. GKG CA−014, a muddy slab with two individuals preserved together. B–D. Photographs showing the U−shaped digestive tracts preserved as tubular imprints (simple arrows) with some relief. B. GKG CA−011B. C. GKG CA−007B. D. GKG CA−013(2). General view (C1, D1), close−up (C2, D2) of tubular relief of guts. See Fig. 4 for interpretations of C1 and D1.

Fig. 2 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 2. Linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. from the Wulongqing Formation (Palaeolenus Zone), lower Cambrian (recently Series 2, Stage 4), China. A. Holotype, GKG CA−007 in general view (A1); posterior details of the shell valves (A2), showing the small body cavity posteromedially placed, the elongate subtriangular pseudointerarea and the proximate pedicle; details of the gentle S−shaped portion of pedicle in A1 (A3); close−up view of the pedicle annulations in A1 (A4). B. GKG CA−008A, a flattened specimen anterolaterally compressed in general view (B1), showing the concentric growth +

Fig. 5 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 5. An early arthropod reconstruction of Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000). The animal was covered by the carapace. The trunk length, which consists of 14 somites varies from 2 to 3 cm in adults. Large stalked eyes and a pair of uniramous prehensile appendages (5 podomeres) bearing stout inner outgrowths protruded anteriorly. The following appendages are biramous and uniform—i.e., a slender endopod with many podomeres and an exopod fringed with many long lamellae.

Fig. 4 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 4. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0008 from Jianshan section; A1, posterior part of an incomplete specimen showing the frontal appendage, exopod, endopod; A2, detailed view of the frontal appendage, showing five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A3, detailed view of exopod and endopod, showing the gill lamellae of exopod and the podomeres of endopod; A4, detailed view of endopod, showing its podomeres. B. EJ0404 from Erjie section; B1, showing the location of the eye stalk, trunk, proximal part of appendages and the outline of endopod; B2, camera−lucida drawing of B1. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; en, endopod; es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; lv, left valve; p1–5, podomeres of endopod from the distal to proximal; pr, proximal part of appendage; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–7, numbered trunk appendage.

Fig. 3 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 3. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0014 from Jianshan section; A1, specimen showing the striated ornament of the carapace, eye, frontal appendages, exopod and trace of the trunk; A2, detailed view of eye sphere, showing two individual layers, the light external cornea and the dark internal core; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of frontal appendages, showing the intersegmental membranes, five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A5, the counterpart of JS0014, showing the posterior part of specimen. B. EJ0417 from Erjie section, dorsal view showing the single shield carapace and unsplit base of anterior or posterior spines. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; co, cornea; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; ou, tooth−like outgrowth of the frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; ru, retinular units; st, striated ornament.

Fig. 1 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 1. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0010 from Jianshan section; A1, showing the outline and the striated ornament of the carapace; A2, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of vascular integumental network. B. JS172 from Jianshan section; B1, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; B2, showing the striated ornament on the posterior of the carapace and exopod. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; vn, vascular integumental network.

Fig. 2 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 2. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China from Erjie section (A–C, E) and from Jianshan section (D). A. EJ0423; A1, complete specimen showing the outline of carapace, lamellae of the exopod; A2, camera−lucida drawing of A1. B. EJ0424, showing the eye spheres, frontal appendage, trunk and the traces of trunk appendages. C. EJ0422, immature specimen showing 14 trunk somites. D. JS154; D1, showing eye spheres, the number of the trunk somites and location of appendages; D2, camera−lucida drawing of D1. E. EJ0407; E1, showing the eye sphere and stalk, appendages in relief and the trunk; E2, camera−lucida drawing of E1. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; le, lateral eye; pr, proximal part of appendage; ps, posterior spine; te, telson; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–14, numbered trunk appendage.

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FIGURE 17 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 17. Comparison of pectoral girdle musculature reconstruction between this study and previously published reconstructions.

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FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in Soft-tissue anatomy of the Plesiosaur pectoral girdle inferred from basal Eosauropterygia taxa and the extant phylogenetic bracket

FIGURE 16. M. costocoracoideus. Reconstruction for Neusticosaurus 1 in anterior view, 2 in ventral view, 3 in lateral view, 4 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 5 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Ceresiosaurus 6 in anterior view, 7 in ventral view, 8 in lateral view, 9 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 10 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view. Reconstruction for Rhomaleosaurus 11 in anterior view, 12 in ventral view, 13 in lateral view, 14 fleshed-out muscle reconstruction and 15 complete skeletal reconstruction in lateral view.