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411 results for “spatial variation”
Both selection and drift drive the spatial pattern of adaptive genetic variation in a wild mammal
<p><span>The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been intensively studied to test for the relative effects of different evolutionary forces in recent decades. Pathogen-mediated balancing selection is generally thought to explain the high polymorphism observed in MHC genes, but it is still unclear to what extent MHC diversity is shaped by selection relative to neutral drift. In this study, we genotyped MHC class II DRB genes and 15 neutral microsatellite loci across 26 geographic populations of European badgers (<em>Meles meles</em>) covering most of their geographic range. By comparing the variation of microsatellites and the diversity of MHC at different levels, we demonstrate that both balancing selection and drift have shaped the evolution of MHC genes. When only MHC allelic identity was investigated, the spatial pattern of MHC variation was similar to that of microsatellites. By contrast, when functional aspects of the MHC diversity (e.g. immunological supertypes) were considered, balancing selection appears to decrease genetic structuring across populations. Our comprehensive sampling and analytical approach enable us to conclude that the likely mechanisms of selection are heterozygote advantage and/or rare-allele advantage. This study is a clear demonstration of how both balancing selection and genetic drift simultaneously affect the evolution of MHC genes in a widely-distributed wild mammal.</span></p>
Deep Clustering Representation for Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics Data via Multi-view Variational Graph Auto-Encoders with Consensus Clustering
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FIG. 2 in Spatial, Seasonal, and Sexual Variation in the Diet of Graptemys flavimaculata, a Threatened Turtle of the Pascagoula River System, Mississippi, USA
FIG. 2. Diets of male and female Graptemys flavimaculata from the Leaf (LR) and lower Pascagoula Rivers (PR) by season (Spring—dark gray, Summer—black, Fall—light gray). Prey items are sorted alphabetically with minor items not included.
FIG. 1 in Spatial, Seasonal, and Sexual Variation in the Diet of Graptemys flavimaculata, a Threatened Turtle of the Pascagoula River System, Mississippi, USA
FIG. 1. Percent molluscivory of male and female Graptemys flavimaculata from the Leaf River (LR) and the lower Pascagoula River (PR).
FIG. 4 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 4. The number of vertebrae (A) and basihyal teeth (B) reported by Stauffer (2020) for Cosby (CS; yellow), Indian Camp (ICC; blue), and Greenbrier (GB; green) Creeks. Vertebrae counts from peer-reviewed literature are also shown (see the supplement for sources), and, where appropriate, mean (triangle), mode (circle), and/or range (line) are indicated. The dashed line in panel B reflects values that were reported for basihyal tooth count from Cosby Creek in Stauffer (2020) but which were inconsistent with the requested data.
FIG. 1 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 1. Native distribution of Brook Trout (shaded gray area) in the United States and Canada, with Brook Trout used in our comparative analyses originating from survey locations located in panels A and B. The three streams in Long Island, NY, surveyed by Stauffer and King (2014) are shown in panel A. Panel B shows streams from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) surveyed by Weathers et al. (2019; circles) and Stauffer (2020; diamonds), with the three streams included in both studies symbolized with matching colors (Cosby Creek: yellow; Greenbrier Creek: green; Indian Camp Creek: blue). Streams included in Weathers et al. (2019) but not included in Stauffer (2020) are shown in gray circles.
FIG. 2 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species
FIG. 2. First two dimensions of principal components analysis (PCA) of ten meristic traits for five populations of SaLVELinUS. The populations analyzed included the three surveyed by Stauffer (2020) and Weathers et al. (2019) from Cosby (yellow), Greenbrier (green), and Indian Camp (blue) Creeks, collections from Weathers et al. (2019) for 35 additional streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP; gray), and three populations from Long Island, NY described by Stauffer and King (2014; red). Ellipses envelop 95% of variation for each population, and population centroids are indicated by a triangle.
The Data For Spatial Variations of Stellar Elemental Abundances in FIRE Simulations of Milky Way-Mass Galaxies: Patterns Today Mostly Reflect Those at Formation
<p>Spatial patterns of stellar elemental abundances encode rich information about a galaxy’s formation<br>history. We analyze the radial, vertical, and azimuthal variations of metals in stars, both today and at<br>formation, in the FIRE-2 cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies, and we compare<br>with the Milky Way. Overall, spatial variations of stellar metallicities show only modest differences between formation and today; spatial variations today primarily reflect the conditions of stars at birth, with spatial redistribution of stars after birth contributing secondarily. </p> <p> </p> <p>This data abides by CC-BY.</p>
Probing Spatial Variation in AFM-Measured Adhesion: Implication of Distributed Nanoscale Charge Heterogeneity
<p><span>The adhesion forces between a microsphere and a silica substrate were measured using AFM. NaCl solutions at concentrations of 0.001 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M, 0.05 M, and 0.1 M were used sequentially to measure the adhesion forces. </span></p>
Data from: Using a 'time machine' to test for local adaptation of aquatic microbes to temporal and spatial environmental variation
Local adaptation occurs when different environments are dominated by different specialist genotypes, each of which is relatively fit in its local conditions and relatively unfit under other conditions. Analogously, ecological species sorting occurs when different environments are dominated by different competing species, each of which is relatively fit in its local conditions. The simplest theory predicts that spatial, but not temporal, environmental variation selects for local adaptation (or generates species sorting), but this prediction is difficult to test. Although organisms can be reciprocally transplanted among sites, doing so among times seems implausible. Here we describe a reciprocal transplant experiment testing for local adaptation or species sorting of lake bacteria in response to both temporal and spatial variation in water chemistry. The experiment used a −80 °C freezer as a 'time machine'. Bacterial isolates and water samples were frozen for later use, allowing transplantation of older isolates 'forward in time' and newer isolates 'backward in time'. Surprisingly, local maladaptation predominated over local adaptation in both space and time. Such local maladaptation may indicate that adaptation, or the analogous species sorting process, fails to keep pace with temporal fluctuations in water chemistry. This hypothesis could be tested with more finely-resolved temporal data.
The tempo of greening in the European Alps: Spatial variations on a common theme
<p>The long-term increase of satellite-based proxies of vegetation cover is a well-documented response of seasonally snow-covered ecosystems to climate warming. However, observed greening trends are far from being uniform and substantial uncertainty remains concerning the underlying causes of this spatial variability. Here, we processed surface reflectance of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) to investigate trends and drivers of changes in the annual peak values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Our study focuses on the above treeline ecosystems in the European Alps. The NDVI changes of these ecosystems are highly sensitive to land cover and biomass changes and are marginally affected by anthropogenic disturbances. We found a widespread greening for the period 2000-2020, a pattern that is consistent with the overall increase of summer temperature. At the local scale, the spatial variability of greening was mainly due to the preferential response of north-facing slopes between 1900 m and 2400 m. Using high resolution imagery, we noticed that the presence of screes and outcrops locally magnified this response. At the regional scale, we identified hotspots of greening where vegetation cover is sparser than expected given the elevation and exposure. Most of these hotspots experienced delayed snowmelt and green-up dates in recent years. We conclude that the ongoing greening in the Alps primarily reflects the high responsiveness of sparsely vegetated ecosystems that are able to benefit the most from temperature and water-related habitat amelioration above treeline.</p>
Figure 4 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 4. Distinction of Caranx caballus stocks on the Pacific coast of Mexico using parasites as biological tags. (Inset: matrix of classification coefficient values for parasites of C. caballus that allow to differentiate stocks of this host; * indicates the importance of each species of parasite in distinguishing between locations). Dact, Dactylostomum winteri and Caro, Caligus robustus identified hosts from Zihuatanejo; this last copepod also differentiated fish from Puerto Vicente. Buce, Bucephalus varicus and Psca, Pseudopecoeloides carangi were the most important parasite species to identify hosts from Acapulco Bay. Allo, Allopyragraphorus caballeroi and Gnat = Gnathia sp. were the most important parasite species for assigning fish to Marquelia. Psse, Pseudomazocraes selene and Caal = Caligus alalongae allowed identification of the largest number of hosts from Zapotalito.
Figure 3 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 3. Graphic of multivariate discriminant analyses of Caranx caballus stocks, from Guerrero (Acapulco Bay, Marquelia, Puerto Vicente and Zihuatanejo), and Oaxaca (Zapotalito) Mexico. The symbols represent each one of the fish examined in each location. Centroid = mean group.
Figure 2 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 2. Scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) of factors that influence the species richness and diversity of the parasite infracommunities at Caranx caballus, from Mexican Pacific coast. Predictor variables: Size = host body size, Tcomponent = total number of component parasites, Rcomponent = species richness of component parasites, Feeding = variety of host diet, Year = sampling year, Location = sampling site. Dependent variables (infracommunity parameters): Load = total number of parasites per infracommunity, Diversity = Brillouin diversity index values, Richness = number of parasite species per infracommunity. Equitability = evenness of the parasite abundances.
Figure 1 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 1. Similarity percentages (Bray–Curtis index) for parasite communities of Caranx caballus between locations and sampling years.
Figure 1 in Spatial niche variation in two sympatric species of Bokermannohyla (Anura: Hylidae) in southeastern Brazil
Figure 1. Map showing the location of the RPPN Santuário do Caraça and the three streams where we sampled microhabitat use by Bokermannohyla nanuzae and Bokermannohyla martinsi.
Experimental variation in the spatial deposition of trace metals in feathers revealed using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence
<p>Feathers can be used to investigate exposure to pollution in birds because they are a secondary route for the excretion of trace elements. Evidence based on analytical imaging and spectroscopy suggests that the spatial distribution of the essential trace element zinc within feathers is related to melanin pigmentation. However, our understanding of how trace elements are deposited into growing feathers is poor and has been hampered by a lack of analytical tools to examine the localization of trace elements within a feather. Here, synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to map zinc directly within the barb and barbules of lesser scaup (<em>Aythya affinis</em>) feathers grown after experimental increases in dietary zinc. The results showed distinct spatial variation in zinc within barbs and barbules, with higher levels observed in the latter. Furthermore, increases in dietary zinc were found to increase the relative levels of zinc throughout the barbules from the base to the tip of the feather. Finally, analysis of feather cross sections revealed that regions of the feather barb and barbules with higher melanosome density also contained higher levels of zinc. These results provide a more detailed understanding of zinc and melanosome arrangement within the feather barb and barbules. Moreover, these results provide further support for the use of feathers as a noninvasive tool to study exposure to trace elements and highlight the utility of X-ray spectroscopy in studies investigating impacts of a rapidly changing environment on<br> wild bird health. </p>
Data from: Spatial variation in bioclimatic relationships for a snow-adapted species along a discontinuous southern range boundary
<p>Documenting variation in the relationship between climate variables and species occurence at range boundaries can help reveal how species will respond to global climate change. We collected snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) presence-absence data from snow-track surveys conducted in the U.S. states of Michigan and Wisconsin in winters from 2012-2014 at their southern range boundary in the region. A series of 125m transects were walked at each site within a week of fresh snowfall, and the presence or absence of snowshoe hare tracks on each transect was recorded. Data set also includes the variables mean 5-year snow cover duration, mean 5-year maximum temperature, and percentage forest cover at each site. Each variable was used in data analysis for the related paper to relate snowshoe hare occurrence to climate and land cover variables at the southern edge of their distribution. Snowshoe hares in the region occur in areas with longer snow cover duration and lower maximum temperatures but these relationships vary across the study area such that maximum temperature was positively correlated with snowshoe hare occurrence in the northern portion of the study area (Upper Peninsula of Michigan).</p>
Concentration and spatial variation of atmospheric ice nucleating particles over East Antarctica retrieved from the surface snow
<p>This dataset is the INP concentration in water.</p>
FIG. 4 in Spatial Variation of False Map Turtle (Graptemys pseudogeographica) Bacterial Microbiota in the Lower Missouri River, United States
FIG. 4. Gut bacteria community relative abundances shown with each bar representing an individual sample in the corresponding location. Each color is representative of a corresponding genera. Where genera is not classified, the source family is given preceding ''unclassified.'' Bars remain unnormalized with remaining space composed of excluded low-representation groups (Ĺ2% of total abundance).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.