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Text-fig. 3. Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1. a) P4 – M3; P4 sin.: Rgi 11, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 14, M2 dext. (reversed): Rgi 12, M3 dext. (reversed): Rgi 17. b) P – M; P sin.: Rgi 2, M sin.: Rgi 3 (holotype), M sin.: Rgi 4, M sin.: Rgi 7. All figures at 4 3 4 1/2 1/2 3 magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 3. Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1. a) P4 – M3; P4 sin.: Rgi 11, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 14, M2 dext. (reversed): Rgi 12, M3 dext. (reversed): Rgi 17. b) P – M; P sin.: Rgi 2, M sin.: Rgi 3 (holotype), M sin.: Rgi 4, M sin.: Rgi 7. All figures at 4 3 4 1/2 1/2 3 magnification 35×.

Text-fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Rigi section with correlation to the MPTS (Magnetostratigraphic Polarity Time Scale) according to Schlunegger (1995). Asterisk = mammal site. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the Rigi section with correlation to the MPTS (Magnetostratigraphic Polarity Time Scale) according to Schlunegger (1995). Asterisk = mammal site.

Text-fig. 1. Geographical setting. Topographic map (swissALTI3D) showing the position of the Rigi localities (asterisks) in Central Switzerland. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 1. Geographical setting. Topographic map (swissALTI3D) showing the position of the Rigi localities (asterisks) in Central Switzerland.

Text-fig. 6. Eomys molassicus E, 1987 from Rigi 2. a) P4 – M3; P4 dext. (reversed): DKRgi7, M1 sin.: Rgi 45, M2 sin.: DKRgi8, NGESSER M3 dext. (reversed): DKRgi9. b) P – M; P sin.: DKRgi9, M sin.: DKRgi10, M sin.: DKRgi11, M sin.: DKRgi12. All figures at 4 3 4 1 2 3 magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 6. Eomys molassicus E, 1987 from Rigi 2. a) P4 – M3; P4 dext. (reversed): DKRgi7, M1 sin.: Rgi 45, M2 sin.: DKRgi8, NGESSER M3 dext. (reversed): DKRgi9. b) P – M; P sin.: DKRgi9, M sin.: DKRgi10, M sin.: DKRgi11, M sin.: DKRgi12. All figures at 4 3 4 1 2 3 magnification 35×.

Text-fig. 4. Eomys schluneggeri n. sp. from Rigi 2. m1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 20, holotype. Magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 4. Eomys schluneggeri n. sp. from Rigi 2. m1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 20, holotype. Magnification 35×.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagram of mean L/W values of selected Spermophilinus upper first molars (M1 and M2) from Switzerland and south Germany. The crosses correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the length and width. The intersection gives the value of the mean. Comparative data are after Ziegler and Fahlbusch (1986), Bolliger (1992), Kälin (1993), Ziegler (1995, 2005), Kälin and Engesser (2001), Prieto (2007), Prieto et al. (2009, 2017), Seehuber (2009). Blue: localities younger than ~14 Ma (S. bredai); Green: localities ranging from ~14 Ma to ~15Ma (S. bredai); Red: localities ranging from ~15 Ma to ~16 Ma (S. besana); Yellow: older localities (most S. besana). in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany

Text-fig. 3. Scatter diagram of mean L/W values of selected Spermophilinus upper first molars (M1 and M2) from Switzerland and south Germany. The crosses correspond to the minimum and maximum values of the length and width. The intersection gives the value of the mean. Comparative data are after Ziegler and Fahlbusch (1986), Bolliger (1992), Kälin (1993), Ziegler (1995, 2005), Kälin and Engesser (2001), Prieto (2007), Prieto et al. (2009, 2017), Seehuber (2009). Blue: localities younger than ~14 Ma (S. bredai); Green: localities ranging from ~14 Ma to ~15Ma (S. bredai); Red: localities ranging from ~15 Ma to ~16 Ma (S. besana); Yellow: older localities (most S. besana).

Fig. 6 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 6. Close-up views of the lower mandible of Plecotus bats illustrating the shape of the chin pad in the three species. Pictures were taken from genetically identified adult long-eared bats from Switzerland or France. In the first column is P. auritus, in the middle column P. macrobullaris and in the third P. austriacus. Notice the particular shape of the chin pad of P. macrobullaris, with elongated tip and distinctly concave sides.

Fig. 5 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 5. Alignment of typical 16S sequences of different Plecotus lineages obtained with the MamP007 primer pair (framed); the expected amplicon size is 110 bp (including primers). Alignment dots represent identical nucleotides.

Fig. 4 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 4. Bivariate plot of the length of upper tooth row (CM3) versus diameter of tympanic bulla (DBT) of 194 skulls of Plecotus. Blue squares represent skulls of P. auritus, violet circles skulls of P. macrobullaris and orange triangles skulls of P. austriacus. Plain symbols indicate genetically identified individuals, while hollow ones are from animals examined for skull morphology only. Coloured boxes indicate the species-specific measurement ranges given by Benda & Ivanova (2003) for Central European Plecotus and the grey bars represent the limit values of the two cranial measurements proposed by Blant et al. (2008) to identify the three species.

Fig. 3 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 3. Map of Switzerland depicting the six biogeographical regions occurring in this country (Gonseth et al., 2001) and the occurrences of 700 genetically identified Plecotus samples. Plain symbols represent locations of P. auritus (in blue), P. austriacus (in orange) and P. macrobullaris (in violet). Symbols with more than one colour represent areas of sympatry. Map produced by the Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune.

Fig. 2 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 2. Species-specific patterns of amplification of 16S fragments obtained in a single PCR cocktail. These fragments were resolved on a 1.6% agarose gel run for about 30 min at 60 V/m. A 100 bp molecular ladder was run on each side of the pictured agarose gel. Amplification products of diagnostic sizes appear on lane 1 for P. macrobullaris (at about 400 bp), on lane 2 for P. austriacus (350 bp), on lane 3 for the 'west' clade of P. auritus (300 bp) and on lane 4 for the 'east' clade of P. auritus (two bands at about 300 and 400 bp, respectively).

Fig. 1 in Novel molecular tools to identify Plecotus bats in sympatry and a review of their distribution in Switzerland

Fig. 1. Skull drawing of a Plecotus austriacus (specimen MHNG 1704.016) illustrating the two cranial measurements examined in this study (DBT and CM3).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Agronomic performance of cultivar mixtures and pure stands of 8 winter wheat varieties, obtained from mixture field trials in Switzerland from 2021 to 2023, together with associated functional traits measurements

<p>This dataset contains agronomic performance data for 8 Swiss winter wheat cultivars, grown in pure stands and in mixtures at 3 locations in Switzerland during 3 growing seasons (2021-2023). The dataset has been used to analyse the effects of cultivar mixtures on agronomic performance and stability, which is published in <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127504</a>. </p> <p>The dataset contains notably grain yield, protein content, thousand kernel weight, specific weight, and Zeleny sedimentation value, as well as functional traits measured at flowering for each mixture and pure stand plot. </p> <p>The field trials were performed under the Swiss Extenso (low input) conditions, conducted by Agroscope and DSP. </p> <h3>Methods </h3> <p> <em>Field trials </em></p> <div>Field trials were set up over the course of three growing seasons – 2020/2021, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 – in three sites across the Swiss Central Plateau. The experimental sites were located in Changins (46°19′ N 6°14′ E, 455m a.s.l), Delley (46°55′ N 6°58′ E, 494m a.s.l) and Utzenstorf (47°97′ N 7°33′ E, 483m a.s.l.). </div> <div>Experimental communities consisted of pure stand plots, 2-cultivars mixtures, and one plot with the 8 cultivars mixed. We sowed every possible combination of 2-cultivar mixtures, amounting to a total of 28 2-cultivar mixtures treatments, to which we added the 8-cultivar mixture. Each community was grown in a plot of 7.1 m<sup>2</sup> (1.5m&lowast;4.7m). We used a complete randomized block design, with 3 replicates, the plots being randomized at each site within each block. Sowing was performed with a small plot drill (Wintersteiger plotseed TC). Density of sowing was 350 viable seeds/m<sup>2</sup>. For the mixtures, seeds were mixed beforehand at a 2 × 50 % mass ratio for 2-cultivars mixtures and 8 × 12.5 % for the 8-cultivar mixture. We chose this method of mixing as this is what is commonly done by farmers in Switzerland. Plots were sowed mechanically each autumn and fertilized with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 140 N/ha in 3 applications (40 N/ha at tillering stage/BBCH 22–29; 60 N/ha at the beginning of stem elongation/BBCH 30–31; 40 N/ha at booting stage/BBCH 45–47). The trials were grown according to the Swiss <em>Extenso</em> scheme, i.e. without any fungicide, insecticide, and growth regulator. Weeds were regulated twice or thrice per season with the application of herbicides commonly used in Switzerland.</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Ear density</em></div> <div> </div> <div>Before harvest, we manually harvested horizontal bands of 1.5 × 0.3 square meters per plot. The location of the band was randomly chosen but we avoided plot edges (i.e. the band was located at more than 0.5 m from the lower and upper edge of each plot). We counted the heads, and obtained ear density from the head counts.</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Trait measurements </em></div> <div> </div> <div>At flowering time, we randomly sampled 6 healthy leaves per plot. We immediately wrapped this leaf in moist cotton; this was stored overnight at room temperature in open plastic bags. The following day, we removed excess surface water on the leaf and weighted it to obtain its water saturated weight. This leaf was then scanned with a flatbed scanner (Perfection V39II, Epson), oven-dried in a paper envelope at 80°C for 72 hours, and subsequently weighed again to obtain its dry weight. Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) was calculated as the ratio of leaf dry mass (g) to water saturated leaf mass (g). Using the leaf scans, we measured leaf area with the image processing software ImageJ. Specific Leaf Area (SLA) was calculated as the ratio of leaf area (cm2) to leaf dry mass (g).</div> <div> </div> <div><em>Phenology and height </em></div> <div> </div> <div>For each plot, we recorded the heading date as the day of the year, in which 50 % of the ears of the plot had fully emerged from the flag leaf. Plant height was measured in each plot at BBCH 59–75, by taking the average height in centimeters from the ground to the top of five random ears, excluding awns.</div> <div> </div> <p><em>Harvest and post harvest measurements</em></p> <p>At maturity, we harvested each plot with a combine harvester (Zürn 150, Schontal-Westernhausen, Switzerland). The harvested grains were dried when needed, weighed a first time, then sorted and cleaned by air and with a sieve cleaner, and subsequently weighted again. We measured hectoliter weight (test weight, HLW, kg/hl) and water content at the plot level using a Dickey-John machine (GAC 2100). Grain yield was subsequently standardized to 15 % of humidity. Protein content (% of dry matter) was measured at the site level with a near-infrared instrument (ProxiMate™, Büchi instruments). Thousand kernel weight (TKW, g) was measured at the plot level with a Marvin seed analyzer (GTA Sensorik, Neubrandenburg, Germany). Zeleny sedimentation value was measured by the laboratory of Delley Seeds and Plants. </p> <p> </p>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Agronomic, rheological and nutritional phenotypic data of 50 spelt varieties grown at 3 locations in Switzerland during 2 growing seasons (2021-2022)

<p>This dataset contains agronomic, rheological, and nutritional parameters of 50 winter spelt varieties tested during 2 growing seasons (2021-2022) at 3 locations in Switzerland. The dataset has been used to investigate the links between genotype and phenotype of spelt varieties, published in https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-024-03400-8.</p> <p>The field trials were performed under the Swiss Extenso (low input) conditions, conducted by Agroscope and DSP, and under organic conditions, performed by GZPK.  </p> <h3>Methods </h3> <p><em>Field trials </em></p> <div>Field trials were set up over the course of two growing seasons – 2020/2021, 2021/2022 – in three sites across the Swiss Central Plateau. The experimental sites were located in Changins (46°19′ N 6°14′ E, 455m a.s.l), Delley (46°55′ N 6°58′ E, 494m a.s.l) and Feldbach (47°14'24.00" N, 8°47'9.60" E, 410m a.s.l.).</div> <div>Each variety was grown in a plot of 7.1 m<sup>2</sup> (1.5 m*4.7 m) in Changins and Delley, and 4.5 m<sup>2</sup> (1.5 m*3 m) in Feldbach. We replicated the experiment three times per location. At each site, we used a complete randomized block design, with plots being randomized within each block. Density of sowing was 180 spikelets/m<sup>2</sup>. Plots were sowed mechanically each autumn. In Changins and Delley, the plots were mechanically fertilized with 100 kg N/ha (ammonium nitrate), applied in two splits (60 at heading stage—40 at flowering stage). In Feldbach, the fields were treated organically, and therefore no synthetic fertilizer was applied.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div><em>Agronomic and morphological characteristics </em></div> <div> <p>For each plot, we recorded the heading date as the day of the year, in which 50% of the ears of the plot had fully emerged from the flag leaf. Once the plants and ears were fully developed, plant height was measured in each plot, by taking the average height in centimeters from the ground to the top of five random ears, excluding awns.</p> <p>At maturity, we harvested each plot with a combine harvester (Zürn 150, Schontal-Westernhausen, Switzerland). The harvested grains were weighed first, dehusked, sorted and cleaned with a sieve cleaner, and then weighted again. We measured specific weight and water content using a Dickey–John machine (GAC 2100). Grain yield was subsequently standardized to 15% of humidity. Protein content (%) was measured at the plot level with a near-infrared instrument (ProxiMate™, Büchi instruments). Thousand kernel weight (TKW, g), as well as kernel length and width (mm), were measured at the plot level with a Marvin seed analyzer (GTA Sensorik, Neubrandenburg, Germany).</p> <p>Additional measurements in Changins: we computed harvest index for each plot by cutting 30 individual culms just before harvest. Plants were cut just above the ground, oven-dried for 3 days at 80 °C and then weighed. We then threshed, dehusked, sieved and weighed the obtained grains. The harvest index was computed by taking the ratio of grain mass over total mass.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Rheological characteristics </em></p> </div> <div> <p>At all sites, Zeleny sedimentation value (mL) was assessed based on the International Association for Cereal Science and Technology standard method 116/1.The analyses were performed by the analytical laboratory of DSP, Delley, at the variety level for each site—i.e., grains from the three replicates per site were pooled together and subsequently milled.</p> <p>Additional measurements in Changins were done for each variety, based on a pooled sample of the three replicates. Extensograph properties of the obtained dough were assessed according to ICC standard method 114/1; area under curve (energy, cm2), resistance to extension at 5 cm extension (EE), and extensibility of the dough (mm) were measured. The analyses were performed by the accredited laboratory “Versuchsanstalt für Getreideverarbeitung” based in Austria (<a href="https://www.vfg.or.at/">https://www.vfg.or.at/</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Nutritional characteristics </em></p> </div> <div> </div> <div>We assessed the structure of starch (amylose content) and the fatty acid composition for each variety in Changins. These analyses were done by pooling grains from the three replicates in Changins and milling them. The amylose and amylopectin contents of starch were determined enzymatically via an assay based on the precipitation of amylopectin complexes with the lectin concanavalin A, according to K-Amy 06/18. The fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC-FAME, via in situ transesterification, according to the method of Ampuero Kragten et al. (<a title="Kragten SA, Collomb M, Dubois S, Stoll P (2014) Determination of fatty acid composition in feed: analytical methods. Agrarforschung Schweiz 5(9):330&ndash;337" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10681-024-03400-8#ref-CR36">2014</a>). These analyses were performed at the accredited analytical laboratory of Agroscope, Posieux.</div> <div> </div> <div>Kragten SA, Collomb M, Dubois S, Stoll P (2014) Determination of fatty acid composition in feed: analytical methods. Agrarforschung Schweiz 5(9):330–337</div> <div> </div> <div> </div> <div><em>DNA extraction & Genotyping </em></div> <div> </div> <div>DNA was extracted from all cultivars, and sent to TraitGenetics (SGS institute Frenius, Gatersleben DE) for SNP genotyping on the 25 K XT Infinium array for wheat.</div> <div> </div> <div> </div>

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Agronomic performance of cultivar mixtures of winter wheat varieties, obtained from mixture field trials at 5 locations in Switzerland from 2019 to 2020, together with yield data from the varieties in pure stand obtained from the national variety testing trial network

<p>This dataset contains agronomic parameters of 32 winter wheat variety mixtures tested during 2 growing seasons (2019-2020) at 5 locations in Switzerland, as well as yield data of these varieties in pure stands originating from the Swiss national variety testing network. The dataset has been used to investigate the links between asynchrony and yield stability, published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21151">https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21151</a>.  </p> <p>The field trials were performed under the Swiss Extenso (low input) conditions, conducted by Agroscope and DSP. </p> <h2>Methods </h2> <p><em>Field trials </em></p> <p>The experiment took place in five sites across Switzerland, in 2019 and 2020. The sites were located in Nyon (1260), Delley (1567), Utzenstorf (3428), Zurich (8046), and Ellighausen (8566).</p> <p>Experimental communities consisted of 32 different two-variety mixtures grown in 7.1-m<sup>2</sup> plots (1.5 × 4.7 m). We replicated the mixture experiment three times per site with the exact same variety composition. We used a randomized block design, with plots being randomized at each site within each block. Density of sowing was 350 seeds/m<sup>2</sup>, and seeds were mixed beforehand at a 50:50 ratio in terms of mass. We used the 50:50 mass ratio as this is what is generally done in practice by farmers and seed suppliers. Plots were sown mechanically each autumn. The plots were mechanically fertilized according to the Principles of Agricultural Crop Fertilisation in Switzerland (Federal Office for Agriculture) with an average of 140 kg N/ha (ammonium nitrate), applied in three splits (40 at the tillering stage—60 at stem elongation stage—40 when the flag leaf is visible). The experimental trials were conducted following the extenso Swiss scheme, which means that there was no application of any fungicide, insecticide, or plant growth regulator. </p> <p>The performances of single varieties were obtained by going through the trials of the national variety testing program. We gathered the data for the years 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The data regarding single varieties could be obtained for three out of the five sites used for the mixtures: 1260, 1567, and 8566. Because there were no national variety trials at the two other sites (8046, 3428), we could not get any data for single varieties in these sites. Thus, all further analyses including single variety data were only done for the three sites mentioned above. At each of these sites, the variety trials were located on the same plot as the mixture trials, even though a little further apart. Therefore, soil parameters and crop precedents were the same between the mixture and variety testing trials. Furthermore, we only selected the national variety testing trials that respected the <em>extenso</em> conditions, that is, no fungicide, pesticide, or growth regulator application, and that received the same amount of fertilization as the mixture trials. In 8566 and 1567, sowing and harvesting dates were identical between the two trials; in 1260, sowing and harvesting dates could vary but remained within a week of each other.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Data collection </em></p> <p>For each plot, heading dates were monitored, and average height at BBCH 59–75 was measured.</p> <p>The prevalence of diseases was scored twice in the growing season. Specifically, the severity of brown rust, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and Septoria tritici blotch was assessed. This was performed by grading each individual plot from 1 to 9 for each disease, with 1 representing no disease and 9 a complete infection. The scoring scale follows a logistic progression based on the symptoms of the top three leaves. We used the data from the final scoring for statistical analysis, as the disease severity was usually more important then.</p> <p>At maturity, we harvested each plot with a combine harvester. The harvested grains were dried when needed, weighed a first time, then sorted and cleaned by air and with a sieve cleaner, and subsequently weighted again. We measured specific weight and water content at the plot level using a Dickey-John machine (GAC 2100). Grain yield was subsequently standardized to 15% of humidity. Protein content was measured at the site level with a near-infrared instrument (ProxiMate; Büchi instruments).</p>

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Net-zero CO2 emissions scenarios for Switzerland

<p>This dataset accompanies the relevant article in Communications Earth and Environment. It contains the key assumptions used in the energy system modelling with the Swiss TIMES energy systems model (STEM) for assessing net-zero carbon dioxide emissions scenarios for Switzerland. In addition, contains extensive results from STEM for each one of the core scenarios and variants assessed in the study.    </p>

Dataset used in the study: Impacts of hot-dry conditions on hydropower production in Switzerland

<p>This dataset contains the hydro-meteorological data used in the study Impacts of hot-dry conditions on hydropower production in Switzerland. Description: The data consists of a <code>data.frame</code> for each of the  hydropower plants located in different regions over Switzerland. This dataset includes the data for the historical (present-day or reference period) conditions and for the future climate projections as detailed in the paper. The data.frame structure is as follows:</p> <ol> <li>Date: Datetime columnd</li> <li>Generation: Observed daily hydropower generation collected from ENTSO-E</li> <li>Predictions: Predicted hydropower generation </li> <li>PREVAH: Daily discharge data </li> <li>PREVAH7D: 7Days lag values of discharge data</li> <li>PREVAH15D: 15Days lag values of discharge data</li> <li>PREVAH30D: 30Days lag values of discharge data</li> <li>spi_3: SPI-3 monthly values corresponding to the precipitation index (SPI-3)</li> <li>STI_1: STI-1 monthly values corresponding to the temperature index (STI-1) </li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>For further details about the data, please refer to the study. </p>

Supplementary material for article: A database driven excavation of a waterlogged Neolithic settlement. The case of Küssnacht-Immensee Dorfplatz (Switzerland).

<p>These are all necessary data to produce 3D models of the excavated Neolithic waterlogged site of Küsnacht-Immensee Dorfplatz in the Canton Schwyz in Switzerland. Sediment deposits and find amounts are given as tables for GIS use in the txt-files. The codes for the semiquantitative description of the sediment are explained in the codes-pdf. The database model for the data acquisition of the sediment deposits and finds is given as accdb. Piles and horizontal wooden elements are given in the excel-file. </p> <p>Sediment profile photographies and the readymade 3D-model are given separately in 10.5281/zenodo.6536246.</p>

FIG. 3 in Neither fish nor fowl. Isotopic evidence of a plant-based diet in (captive?) brown bears from Roman Augusta Raurica, Switzerland

FIG. 3. — Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N values from bone collagen of the four brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) from Augusta Raurica compared to equids (Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758) and dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) from Augusta Raurica (this study; Granado et al., unpublished data) and Basel-Gasfabrik (Knipper et al. 2017).

FIG. 2 in Neither fish nor fowl. Isotopic evidence of a plant-based diet in (captive?) brown bears from Roman Augusta Raurica, Switzerland

FIG. 2. — Subterranean well house in Insula 8 and well MR12.Brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus,1758) are coloured in grey.The animal silhouettes represent the minimum number of individuals (MNI), mainly agreeing with complete or almost complete carcasses. Credit: image, Claudia Zipfel, RÖmerstadt Augusta Raurica. Scale bar: 1 m.