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opennotspecifiedJan 2019View details →

FIGURE 4 in Hortiboletus kohistanensis (Boletaceae), a new bolete species from temperate and subalpine oak forests of Pakistan

FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences. The sequences generated during this study are marked with bullets. The tree is inferred by maximum likelihood analysis based on rDNA sequences. The numbers against branches indicate the percentage (>70%) at which a given branch was supported in 1000 bootstrap replications. GenBank accession numbers are given at the end of species names.

opennotspecifiedJan 2019View details →

FIGURE 5 in Hortiboletus kohistanensis (Boletaceae), a new bolete species from temperate and subalpine oak forests of Pakistan

FIGURE 5. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on LSU sequences. The sequence generated during this study is marked with a bullet indicating the holotype. The tree is inferred by maximum likelihood analysis based on rDNA sequences. The numbers against branches indicate the percentage (>70%) at which a given branch was supported in 1000 bootstrap replications. GenBank accession numbers are given at the end of species names.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot

Tree mortality is one of the most influential drivers of forest dynamics, and characterizing patterns of tree mortality is critical to understanding forest dynamics and ecosystem function in the present era of global change. Here, we use a unique data set of mortality in a temperate deciduous forest to characterize rates and drivers of mortality. At the 25.6-ha Center for Tropical Forest Science—Forest Global Earth Observatory forest dynamics plot at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Virginia, USA), we conducted two full tree censuses in 2008 and 2013 and then tracked mortality over the next 2 years (2014 and 2015). Overall, the mortality rate, m, of stems ≥10 cm diameter was 1.3–2.1%/yr. Biomass mortality, M, was 1.9–3.4 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 at the stand level (0.6–1.1%/yr of biomass), less than biomass gains from growth and recruitment, resulting in net live biomass accumulation. Small stems died at the highest rate; however, contributions to M increased toward larger size classes. Most species had m < 2%/yr and M < 0.25 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 (<3%/yr of biomass), whereas two to four species had anomalously high mortality rates during each census period, accounting for 15–24% of m (n = 2, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus species) and 39–75% of M (n = 4 Quercus species). Stems that died, whether or not in association with mechanical damage, tended to grow more slowly in preceding years than surviving stems and, for certain shade-intolerant species, tended to be in neighborhoods with higher basal area. These findings show how relatively fine-scale mortality processes contribute to stand-level compositional change and carbon cycling. The mortality patterns reported here will provide a valuable basis for understanding future disturbance events within eastern deciduous forests and for comparing across forest types.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: The oldest, slowest forests in the world? Exceptional biomass and slow carbon dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides temperate rainforests in southern Chile

Old-growth temperate rainforests are, per unit area, the largest and most long-lived stores of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, but their carbon dynamics have rarely been described. The endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern South America include stands that are probably the oldest dense forest stands in the world, with long-lived trees and high standing biomass. We assess and compare aboveground biomass, and provide the first estimates of net primary productivity (NPP), carbon allocation and mean wood residence time in medium-age stands in the Alerce Costero National Park (AC) in the Coastal Range and in old-growth forests in the Alerce Andino National Park (AA) in the Andean Cordillera. Aboveground live biomass was 113–114 Mg C ha-1 and 448–517 Mg C ha-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Aboveground productivity was 3.35–3.36 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and 2.22–2.54 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AA, values generally lower than others reported for temperate wet forests worldwide, mainly due to the low woody growth of Fitzroya. NPP was 4.21–4.24 and 3.78–4.10 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in AC and AA, respectively. Estimated mean wood residence time was a minimum of 539–640 years for the whole forest in the Andes and 1368–1393 years for only Fitzroya in this site. Our biomass estimates for the Andes place these ecosystems among the most massive forests in the world. Differences in biomass production between sites seem mostly apparent as differences in allocation rather than productivity. Residence time estimates for Fitzroya are the highest reported for any species and carbon dynamics in these forests are the slowest reported for wet forests worldwide. Although primary productivity is low in Fitzroya forests, they probably act as ongoing biomass carbon sinks on long-term timescales due to their low mortality rates and exceptionally long residence times that allow biomass to be accumulated for millennia.

opencc-zeroAug 2019View details →

Data from: Impact of the spatial uncertainty of seed dispersal on tree colonization dynamics in a temperate forest

An aggregated distribution of dispersed seeds may influence the colonization process in tree communities via inflated spatial uncertainty. To evaluate this possibility, we studied 10 tree species in a temperate forest: one primarily barochorous, six anemochorous and two endozoochorous species. A statistical model was developed by combining an empirical seed dispersal kernel with a gamma distribution of seedfall density, with parameters that vary with distance. In the probability density, the fitted models showed that seeds of Fagaceae (primarily barochorous) and Betulaceae (anemochorous) were disseminated locally (i.e., within 60 m of a mother tree), whereas seeds of Acer (anemochorous) and endozoochorous species were transported farther. Greater fecundity compensated for the lower probability of seed dispersal over long distances for some species. Spatial uncertainty in seedfall density was much greater within 60 m of a mother tree than farther away, irrespective of dispersal mode, suggesting that seed dispersal is particularly aggregated in the vicinity of mother trees. Simulation results suggested that such seed dispersal patterns could lead to sites in the vicinity of a tree being occupied by other species that disperse seeds from far away. We speculate that this process could promote coexistence by making the colonization rates of the species more similar on average and equalizing species fitness in this temperate forest community.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation across European landscapes in three temperate forest herbs

Context. Evidence for effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the viability of temperate forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes is so far based on population genetic studies of single species in single landscapes. However, forest herbs differ in their life histories, and landscapes have different environments, structures and histories, making generalizations difficult. Objectives. We compare the response of three slow-colonizing forest herbs to habitat loss and fragmentation and set this in relation to differences in life-history traits, in particular their mating system and associated pollinators. Methods. We analysed the herbs' landscape-scale population genetic structure based on microsatellite markers from forest fragments across seven European agricultural landscapes. Results. All species responded to reductions in population size with a decrease in allelic richness and an increase in genetic differentiation among populations. Genetic differentiation also increased with enhanced spatial isolation. In addition, each species showed unique responses. Heterozygosity in the self-compatible Oxalis acetosella was reduced in smaller populations. The genetic diversity of Anemone nemorosa, whose main pollinators are less mobile, decreased with increasing spatial isolation, but not that of the bumblebee-pollinated Polygonatum multiflorum. Conclusions. Our study indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation compromises the long-term viability of slow-colonizing forest herbs despite their ability to persist for many decades by clonal propagation. The distinct responses of the three species studied within the same landscapes confirm the need of multi-species approaches. The mobility of associated pollinators should be considered an important determinant of forest herbs' sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Strong non-growing season N uptake by deciduous trees in a temperate forest: A 15N isotopic experiment

Nitrogen (N) is a critical element for vegetation growth and subsequent carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Plant N uptake, the only pathway for plants to directly obtain N from soils, is a bottleneck process for ecosystem C and N cycling. Ecological theories predict that deciduous trees remain dormant and do not take up N during winters as no growth occurs during this season. In this study, we adopted a 15N isotopic experiment to trace N processes throughout the non-growing season in a temperate forest in northern China. The 15N-labeled inorganic N (NH4+ and NO3−) and 13C15N-labeled organic N (glycine and tyrosine) (equivalent to 150 mg 15N m-2) were applied to soils at mid-fall, and the 15N recovery in various components of dominant evergreen and deciduous species was analyzed. We found that soil N transformation remained active in the winter and microbial N immobilization reached its peak in late winter. Surprisingly, deciduous species maintained a high N uptake that was comparable with the evergreen species throughout the non-growing season. Perennial herbs did not take up N until the next spring. All plant species acquired inorganic N and simple amino acids, while only the tree species utilized complex amino acids. Throughout the non-growing season, evergreen and deciduous trees showed higher uptake rates for NH4+ and glycine than NO3− and tyrosine, while deciduous shrubs and herbs showed a stronger preference for NO3− over other N forms. Synthesis: The finding that deciduous trees have strong N uptake in the non-growing season challenges the conventional viewpoint that deciduous trees remain dormant during non-growing seasons. This mechanism might supplement the algorithm in the model representation of N-limited temperate forest ecosystems.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2013View details →

Figure 1 in Nesting territory characteristics of a migratory South American forest hawk, the White-throated Hawk (Buteo albigula) (Aves: Accipitridae), in temperate rainforest remnants of Araucanía, southern Chile

Figure 1. white-throated hawk (Buteo albigula) egg (A) and 31-day-old nestling (B) found on one nesting platform in Llancahue, Valdivia, southern Chile.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

European database of carbon stocks in temperate forests

This database is compiled of data from temperate forests, both above- and belowground C stocks are included.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Soil dynamics in forest restoration: a data set for temperate and tropical regions

Restoring forest ecosystems has become a global priority. Yet, soil dynamics is still poorly assessed among restoration studies and lacks knowledge on how soil is affected by forest restoration process. Here, we compile information on soil dynamics in forest restoration based on soil physical, chemical and biological attributes in temperate and tropical forest regions. It encompasses 50 scientific papers across 17 different countries and contains 1,469 quantitative information of soil attributes between reference (e.g., old-growth forest) and restored ecosystems (e.g. forests in their initial or secondary stage of succession) within the same study. To be selected, studies had to be conducted in forest ecosystems, to include multiple sampling sites (replicates) in both restored and reference ecosystems, and to encompass quantitative data of soil attributes for both reference and restored ecosystems. We recorded in each study the following information: (i) study year; (ii) country; (iii) forest region (tropical or temperate); (iv) latitude; (v) longitude; (vi) soil class; (vii) past disturbance; (viii) restoration strategy (active or passive); (ix) restoration age; (x) soil attribute type (physical, chemical or biological); (xi) soil attribute; (xii) soil attribute unit; (xiii) soil sampling (procedures); (xiv) date of sampling; (xv) soil depth sampled; (xvi) soil analysis; (xvii) quantitative values of soil attributes for both restored and reference ecosystems; (xviii) type of variation (standard error ou deviation) for both restored and reference ecosystems; and (xix) quantitative values of the variation for both restored and reference ecosystems. These were the most common data available in the selected studies. This extensive database on the extent soil physical, chemical and biological attributes differ between reference and restored ecosystems can fill part of the existing gap on both soil science and forest restoration in terms of: (i) which are the critical soil attributes to be monitored during forest restoration? and (ii) how do environmental factors affect soil attributes in forest restoration? The data will be made available to the scientific community for further analyses on both soil science and forest restoration. Soil information gap during the forest restoration process and its general patterns can be addressed using this data set.

opennotspecifiedSep 2004View details →

Fig. 4 in A New Click Beetle Genus from Chilean Temperate Forests, ALYMA (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pomachiliini)

Fig. 4. Female genitalia of Alyma ariasvillegasai (Illustration Nancy V. Arias). Scale bar ¼ 1.0 mm.

opennotspecifiedSep 2004View details →

Figs. 14–21 in A New Click Beetle Genus from Chilean Temperate Forests, ALYMA (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pomachiliini)

Figs. 14–21. Pronotal hypomera of Alyma species. 14) A. pallipes; 15) A. ariasvillegasai; 16) A. calafquenensis; 17) A. contulmoensis; 18) A. lawlerae; 19) A. quiriquinaensis; 20) A.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Aedes albopictus has not become the dominant species in artificial container habitats in a temperate forest more than a decade after establishment

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is one of the most invasive species globally, and has led to rapid declines and local extirpations of resident mosquitoes where it becomes established. A potential mechanism behind these displacements is the superior competitive ability of Ae. albopictus in larval habitats. Research on the context-dependent nature of competitive displacement predicts that Ae. albopictus will not replace native Aedes triseriatus (Say) in treeholes but could do so in artificial container habitats. Ae. albopictus remains rare in temperate treeholes but less is known about how Ae. albopictus fares in artificial containers in forests. Tyson Research Center (TRC) is a field station composed of mostly oak-hickory forest located outside Saint Louis, MO. The container community has been studied regularly at TRC since 2007 with permanently established artificial containers on the property since 2013. Ae. albopictus was detected each year these communities were sampled; however, its abundance remains low and it fails to numerically dominate other species in these communities. We present data that show Ae. albopictus numbers have not increased in the last decade. We compare egg counts from 2007 and 2016 and combine larval sample data from 2012-2017.We present average larval densities and prevalence of Ae. albopictus and two competitors, Ae. triseriatus and Aedes japonicus (Theobald) as well as monthly averages by year. These data highlight a circumstance in which Ae. albopictus fails to dominate the Aedes community despite it doing so in more human-impacted habitats. We present hypotheses for these patterns based upon abiotic and biotic environmental conditions.

FIGURE 24 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 24. Distribution of Mucronotus gen. nov. A) M. enigmaticus sp. nov. (blue dots) and M. patagonicus sp. nov. (red dots); B) M. schwabei (Pic); C) M. valdivianus sp. nov.; D) M. velutinus (Solier).

FIGURE 21 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 21. Mucronotus velutinus (Solier), male. A) terminal segments and genitalia; B) penis; C) tegmen; D) sternite VIII; E) sternite IX; F) tergite VIII; G) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 20 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 20. Mucronotus valdivianus sp. nov., female. A) genital tract; B) bursal sclerite. Abbreviations: bscl—bursal sclerite, bsl—bursella, gla—gland. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B).

FIGURE 17 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 17. Mucronotus schwabei (Pic), male. A) penis; B) tegmen; C) sternite VIII; D) sternite IX; E) tergite VIII; F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 16 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 16. Mucronotus patagonicus sp. nov., male. A) terminal segments and genitalia; B) penis; C) tegmen; D) left paramere, close-up; E) sternite VIII; F) sternite IX; G) tergite VIII; H) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 15. Mucronotus enigmaticus sp. nov., female. A) genital tract; B) bursal sclerite. Abbreviations: bscl—bursal sclerite, bsl—bursella, gla—gland. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B).

FIGURE 13. Mucronotus gen. nov., pronotum. A in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America

FIGURE 13. Mucronotus gen. nov., pronotum. A) M. enigmaticus sp. nov., male; B) M. enigmaticus sp. nov., female; C) M. patagonicus sp. nov., male, D) M. schwabei (Pic), male, E) M. valdivianus sp. nov., male, F) M. velutinus (Solier), male.