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FIGURE 3 in Discovery of the second European Amalopis species: an integrative survey of the widespread Pedicia (Amalopis) occulta (Meigen, 1830) (Insecta, Diptera, Pediciidae)
FIGURE 3. Head of P. f u s c a, dorsal (A) and ventral view (B) and P. occulta, dorsal (C) and ventral view (D).
Data from: Microclimate-based species distribution models in complex terrain indicate widespread cryptic refugia under climate change
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Aim: </i>Species' climatic niches may be poorly predicted by regional climate estimates used in species distribution models (SDMs) due to microclimatic buffering of local conditions. Here, we compare SDMs generated using a locally validated below-canopy microclimate model to those based on interpolated weather station data at two spatial scales to determine the effects of scale, topography, and forest cover on potential future ground-level warming and species distributions.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Location:</i> Great Smoky Mountains National Park (2090 km<sup>2</sup>; NC, TN, USA)</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Time period: </i>1970 – 2006</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Major taxa:</i> Vascular plant species of the Southern Appalachians</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Methods:</i> We compared the fit and predictions of SDMs generated using a database of plant occurrences and three climate models: macroclimate (1 km, WorldClim), fine-scale (30 m) interpolation of macroclimate with elevation, and fine-scale below-canopy microclimate from a ground-level sensor network.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Results: </i>We found that, although SDM fit was similar across models, microclimate-derived SDMs predicted substantially greater species persistence with 4 °C of regional warming, with a difference of 50% of the species pool in some areas. Microclimate SDMs predicted higher stability of mid-elevation species, particularly in thermally buffered areas near streams, and critically, less change in species composition at high elevation. In contrast, predictions of macroclimate and interpolation models were similar despite improved resolution.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Main conclusions:</i> Our results demonstrate that careful selection of climate drivers, including local near-ground validation rather than interpolation, is critical for projecting distributions. They also suggest that some species at risk from climate change might persist, even with 4 °C of macroclimate warming, in cryptic refugia buffered by microclimate, pointing to the roles of forest cover and topography in explaining slower-than-expected changes in understory communities. However, certain species, such as those currently occurring on low-elevation ridges that are sensitive to atmospheric changes, may be at more risk than macroclimate or interpolated SDMs suggest.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"> </p>
Larval development and poor food availability: Local adaptations and plasticity in a widespread amphibian species
<p>Data of fire salamander larvae reared under rich and poor food conditions. Data include also length, growth rate and number of prey attacked by the same larvae for 30 days after metamorphosis.</p> <p>In this study, we considered two extrinsic factors such as food availability and altitude and we examined their effects on larval growth, timing of metamorphosis and survival in fire salamander larvae. We also investigated whether larval diet has repercussions on growth rate of juvenile salamanders in the month following metamorphosis.</p> <p>Our experimental study was conducted on 150 newborn fire salamander larvae from 15 epigean sites at different altitudes (ranging between 250 and 1491 m a.s.l.). The larvae of each site were divided into two treatment groups: "poor" and "rich" food conditions. </p>
Figure 10 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 10. Potamonautes Ʋalles sp. nov., male holotype (SAM-MB A 094482). A, left gonopod 1, anterior view; B, left gonopod 1 posterior view; C, left gonopod 2 anterior view; D, right third maxilliped. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 9 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 9. Potamonautes Ʋalles sp. nov., male holotype (SAM-MB A 094482). A, major right cheliped; B, minor left cheliped. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 8. Potamonautes Ʋalles sp. nov., male holotype (CL = 30.90 mm) (SAM-MB A094482) from Muilhuis section, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A, whole animal dorsal aspect; B, whole animal ventral aspect; C, cephalothorax, frontal aspect. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 7 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 7. Potamonautes karooensis sp. nov., male holotype (SAM-MB A094477) A, left gonopod 1, anterior view; B, left gonopod 1 posterior view; C, left gonopod 2 anterior view; D, right third maxilliped. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 6 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 6. Potamonautes karooensis sp. nov., male holotype (SAM-MB A094477) A, major right cheliped; B, minor left cheliped. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 5 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 5. Potamonautes karooensis sp. nov., male holotype (CL = 47.48 mm) (SAM-MB A094477) Erasmuskloof, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A, whole animal dorsal aspect; B, whole animal ventral aspect; C, cephalothorax, frontal aspect. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 4 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 4. BEAST chronogram of the three concatenated mtDNA loci (16S rRNA, 12S rRNA + COI) dataset for all the described southern African Potamonautes species. Node bars show 95% highest posterior distributions for each divergence date estimate. The terminal labelled P. sp. nov., represents a yet undescribed species from Hogsback. Posterior probability values> 0.95 (PP) together with bootstrap values> 75% are shown above and below branches, respectively.
Figure 3 in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 3. Ultrametric BEAST tree phylogeny of the COI sequence data for the four Afrotropical genera: A, Potamonautes; B, Liberonautes; C, Nesonautes; D,
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree topology derived from the combined 16S in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree topology derived from the combined 16S rRNA + COI sequence data, demonstrating the evolutionary relationships within the P. sidneyi s.l. species complex. Statistical support for nodes is provided as posterior probability values above nodes (> 0.95 PP) and bootstrap values below nodes (> 75%). An * or # denotes nodal relationships that were not supported (<0.95 PP/ <75%). Potamonautes sidneyi s.s. (clade 3) localities are marked with a dark blue triangle, while P. danielsi (clade 5) localities are marked by an orange square. The two new species, P. karooensis, (clade 2) and P. Ʋalles (clade 4), are marked by a light-blue circle and a green diamond, respectively. Specimens of P. barbarai are confined to clade 1.
Figure 1. A in Cryptic and widespread: a recipe for taxonomic misidentification in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes sidneyi) as evident from species delimitation methods
Figure 1. A map of southern Africa (South Africa and Eswatini) showing the sites where freshwater crabs were collected during the present study. The 30 Potamonautes sidneyi s.s. sample localities are represented by solid, black triangles; the eight P. danielsi sample localities are represented by brown squares, while the four sample localities for P. karooensis sp. nov. are represented by a turquoise circle and three sample localities for P. Ʋalles sp. nov., are represented by a green diamond. The Papkuilsfontein locality of P. barbarai was combined with specimens from 13 conspecific populations sequenced by Daniels et al. (2006) and represented by a red triangle. The sample numbers correspond to the 59 localities in Table 1.
FIGURE 9 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 9. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the genus Megalothorax (COI, 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA). In parentheses are single individual - extracts id (reported in Genbank and in previous studies, see Schneider et al. 2018 and 2023). Boxes highlight the species of the incertus-group represented with multiple individuals. Bootstrap score ≤ 60 not reported. A '*' indicates species identification established only from the DNA sequences. Country/Region of collection: Australy (Tasmania)— AU-TAS, Belgium—BEL, Chile—CHL, France (metropolitan)—FRA, French Guiana—GUF, Italy (Sicily)—ITA, Reunion Island—REU, Russia—RUS, Slovakia—SLK, Svalbard—SJM.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 3. Megalothorax incertus sensu nov., (A) mandibula; (B, C) maxilla; (D) antenna posterior side; Abd. V–VI sternites (E) female, av = anal valves; (F) Abd. IV–V sternites and manubrium; furca (G) topotype, (H) variations observed on russian individuals.
FIGURE 10 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 10. Distribution of the three studied species, including the records of Schneider and D'Haese (2013), Papáč & Kováč (2013), Yoosefi Lafooraki & Shayanmehr (2014), Bendjaballah et al. (2018), Kahrarian (2019), Ma et al. (2021) and Ferrín et al. (2023). Localities closer than 50 km are aggregated.
FIGURE 8 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 8. Chaetotaxy diagrams: M. incertus sensu nov. (A) head, (B) trunk, M. boerneri sp. nov. (A) head, (B) trunk.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 1. Megalothorax incertus sensu nov., Head (A) dorsal, (B) postero-lateral side and (C) dorso-lateral with details on the integumentary channels, a star indicates a corresponding chaeta in (A, B, C), (D) ventral side; (E) labium, bmf=basomedian field, blf=basolateral field; labrum anterior process (F) posterior side, (G) anterior side; (H) maxillary outer lobe (mol) and oral fold (of). Limit of the dorsal secondary granulation outlined in (A) and (B).
FIGURE 5 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 5. Megalothorax boerneri sp. nov., (A) Head; (B) labium, bmf=basomedian field, blf=basolateral field; (C) labrum; (D) maxillary outer lobe (mol) and oral fold (of); (E) maxilla; (F) mandibula; (G) Antenna.
FIGURE 7 in Revision of Megalothorax incertus Börner, 1903 reveals it to be another widespread Palearctic species of the genus (Collembola, Neelidae)
FIGURE 7. Megalothorax boerneri sp. nov., (A) Abd. VI, genital plate and Abd. IV sternite, (B) furca, (C) ventral tube, (D) leg I, (E) leg II, (F) leg III, (G) claw I, (H, I) claw II, (J) claw III.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.