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6,170 results for “european”
Data from: Importance of latrine communication in European rabbits shifts along a rural–to–urban gradient
BACKGROUND: Information transfer in mammalian communication networks is often based on the deposition of excreta in latrines. Depending on the intended receiver(s), latrines are either formed at territorial boundaries (between-group communication) or in core areas of home ranges (within-group communication). The relative importance of both types of marking behavior should depend, amongst other factors, on population densities and social group sizes, which tend to differ between urban and rural wildlife populations. Our study is the first to assess (direct and indirect) anthropogenic influences on mammalian latrine-based communication networks along a rural-to-urban gradient in European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) living in urban, suburban and rural areas in and around Frankfurt am Main (Germany). RESULTS: The proportion of latrines located in close proximity to the burrow was higher at rural study sites compared to urban and suburban ones. At rural sites, we found the largest latrines and highest latrine densities close to the burrow, suggesting that core marking prevailed. By contrast, latrine dimensions and densities increased with increasing distance from the burrow in urban and suburban populations, suggesting a higher importance of peripheral marking. CONCLUSIONS: Increased population densities, but smaller social group sizes in urban rabbit populations may lead to an increased importance of between-group communication and thus, favor peripheral over core marking. Our study provides novel insights into the manifold ways by which man-made habitat alterations along a rural-to-urban gradient directly and indirectly affect wildlife populations, including latrine-based communication networks.
Data from: Contagious fear: escape behaviour increases with flock size in European gregarious birds
Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator-prey interactions. Among the factors affecting FID, tests of effects of group size (i.e. number of potential prey) on FID have yielded contrasting results. Group size or flock size could either affect FID negatively (i.e. the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e. increased vigilance due to more eyes scanning for predators). These effects may be associated with gregarious species, because such species should be better adapted to exploiting information from other individuals in the group than non-gregarious species. Sociality may explain why earlier findings on group size vs. FID have yielded different conclusions. Here, we analyzed how flock size affected bird FID in eight European countries. A phylogenetic generalized least square regression model was used to investigate changes in escape behavior of bird species in relation to number of individuals in the flock, starting distance, diet, latitude and type of habitat. Flock size of different bird species influenced how species responded to perceived threats. We found that gregarious birds reacted to a potential predator earlier (longer flight initiation distance) when aggregated in large flocks. These results support a higher vigilance arising from many eyes scanning in birds, suggesting that sociality may be a key factor in the evolution of anti-predator behavior both in urban and rural areas. Finally, future studies comparing FID must pay explicit attention to the number of individuals in flocks of gregarious species.
Data from: Genetic parentage analysis confirms a polygynandrous breeding system in the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus)
Knowing the breeding system of a species is important in order to understand individual variation in reproductive success. Large variation in reproductive success and thus reproductive skew strongly impacts on the effective number of breeders and thus the long-term effective population size (Ne). Fishes, in particular species belonging to the salmonid family, exhibit a wide diversity of breeding systems. In general, however, breeding systems are rarely studied in detail in the wild. Here we examine the breeding system of the spring-spawning European grayling Thymallus thymallus from a small Norwegian stream using parentage assignment based on the genotyping of 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci. In total 895 individual grayling fry and 154 mature grayling (57 females and 97 males) were genotyped. A total of 466 offspring were assigned a father, a mother, or a parent pair with a confidence of 90% or higher. Successfully reproducing males had on average 11.9 ± 13.3 (SD) offspring with on average 2.1 ± 1.2 partners, whereas successful females had on average 9.5 ± 12.8 offspring and 2.3 ± 1.5 partners. Parents with more partners also produced more offspring. Thus the grayling breeding system within this small stream revealed a polygynandrous breeding system, similar to what has been observed for many other salmonid fish species. The present study thus unambiguously corroborates a polygynadrous breeding system in the European grayling. This knowledge is critical for managing populations of this species, which has suffered significant local population declines throughout its range over the last several decades.
Data from: Distribution and functionality of copy number variation across European cattle populations
Copy number variation (CNV), which is characterized by large-scale losses or gains of DNA fragments, contributes significantly to genetic and phenotypic variation. Assessing CNV across different European cattle populations might reveal genetic changes responsible for phenotypic differences, which have accumulated throughout the domestication history of cattle as consequences of evolutionary forces that act upon them. To explore pattern of CNVs across European cattle, we genotyped 149 individuals, that represent different European regions, using the Illumina Bovine HD Genotyping array. A total of 9,944 autosomal CNVs were identified in 149 samples using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) as employed in PennCNV. Animals originating from several breeds of British Isles, and Balkan and Italian regions, on average, displayed higher abundance of CNV counts than Dutch or Alpine animals. A total of 923 CNV regions (CNVRs) were identified by aggregating CNVs overlapping in at least two animals. The hierarchical clustering of CNVRs indicated low differentiation and sharing of high-frequency CNVRs between European cattle populations. Various CNVRs identified in the present study overlapped with olfactory receptor genes and genes related to immune system. In addition, we also detected a CNV overlapping the Kit gene in English longhorn cattle which has previously been associated with color-sidedness. To conclude, we provide a comprehensive overview of CNV distribution in genome of European cattle. Our results indicate an important role of purifying selection and genomic drift in shaping CNV diversity that exists between different European cattle populations.
Data from: First-generation linkage map for the European tree frog (Hyla arborea) with utility in congeneric species
Background: Western Palearctic tree frogs (Hyla arborea group) represent a strong potential for evolutionary and conservation genetic research, so far underexploited due to limited molecular resources. New microsatellite markers have recently been developed for Hyla arborea, with high cross-species utility across the entire circum-Mediterranean radiation. Here we conduct sibship analyses to map available markers for use in future population genetic applications. Findings: We characterized eight linkage groups, including one sex-linked, all showing drastically reduced recombination in males compared to females, as previously documented in this species. Mapping of the new 15 markers to the ~200 My diverged Xenopus tropicalis genome suggests a generally conserved synteny with only one confirmed major chromosome rearrangement. Conclusions: The new microsatellites are representative of several chromosomes of H. arborea that are likely to be conserved across closely-related species. Our linkage map provides an important resource for genetic research in European Hylids, notably for studies of speciation, genome evolution and conservation.
Data from: Reproductive biology including evidence for superfetation in the European badger Meles meles (Carnivora: Mustelidae)
The reproductive biology of the European badger (Meles meles) is of wide interest because it is one of the few mammal species that show delayed implantation and one of only five which are suggested to show superfetation as a reproductive strategy. This study aimed to describe the reproductive biology of female Irish badgers with a view to increasing our understanding of the process of delayed implantation and superfetation. We carried out a detailed histological examination of the reproductive tract of 264 female badgers taken from sites across 20 of the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland. The key results show evidence of multiple blastocysts at different stages of development present simultaneously in the same female, supporting the view that superfetation is relatively common in this population of badgers. In addition we present strong evidence that the breeding rate in Irish badgers is limited by failure to conceive, rather than failure at any other stages of the breeding cycle. We show few effects of age on breeding success, suggesting no breeding suppression by adult females in this population. The study sheds new light on this unusual breeding strategy of delayed implantation and superfetation, and highlights a number of significant differences between the reproductive biology of female Irish badgers and those of Great Britain and Swedish populations.
Data from: Hunting-mediated predator facilitation and superadditive mortality in a European ungulate
Predator-prey theory predicts that in the presence of multiple types of predators using a common prey, predator facilitation may result as a consequence of contrasting prey defense mechanisms, where reducing the risk from one predator increases the risk from the other. While predator facilitation is well established in natural predator-prey systems, little attention has been paid to situations where human hunters compete with natural predators for the same prey. Here, we investigate hunting-mediated predator facilitation in a hunter-predator-prey system. We found that hunter avoidance by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) exposed them to increase predation risk by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Lynx responded by increasing their activity and predation on deer, providing evidence that superadditive hunting mortality may be occurring through predator facilitation. Our results reveal a new pathway through which human hunters, in their role as top predators, may affect species interactions at lower trophic levels and thus drive ecosystem processes.
Open Access to Excellent Science - the European Research Council's approach (video recording)
<p>Video recording of a presentation given at the event 'Open Access: Authors, publishers, investors and institutions for the dissemination of the scientific research's results' that was organised by the Library of EPFL in the context of the Open Access Week 2013. The video includes the introduction of the presentation by EPFL Director, Dr. Isabelle Kratz.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong>: We will give an overview of the ERC's approach to Open Access, and how it is reflected in the rules governing the ERC grants under the current 7th EU Research Framework Programme. We will explain how the ERC supports its grantees in providing open access to their research results, and shed some light on the changes to be expected for the new EU Research Framework Programme, Horizon 2020, which will start on 1 January 2014. In doing so, we will also take a look at the different roles of the ERC and the European Commission concerning the promotion of Open Access, and explain some of the differences in approach.</p>
Informative data about the biological sample studied in the article "Nineteenth century French rose (Rosa sp.) germplasm shows a shift over time from a European to an Asian genetic background"
<p>Informative data about the biological sample studied in the article "Nineteenth century French rose (<em>Rosa </em>sp.) germplasm shows a shift over time from a European to an Asian genetic background" published in Journal of Experimental Botany (https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw269)</p>
FIGURES 13–16. Platypalpus boreoalpinus Frey, 1943, right surstylus. 13 in New species and new synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)
FIGURES 13–16. Platypalpus boreoalpinus Frey, 1943, right surstylus. 13, specimen from Beskydy Mts (Czech Republic); 14, specimen from Krkonoše Mts (Czech Republic); 15, holotypus of P. pseudoalter Raffone, 2003; 16, specimen from Grossglockner (Austria).
FIGURES 10–12 in New species and new synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)
FIGURES 10–12. Platypalpus silvahumidus Barták & Kubík, 2015. 10, right epandrial lamella; 11, cerci; 12, left epandrial lamella.
FIGURES 5–9 in New species and new synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)
FIGURES 5–9. Platypalpus mosticensis sp. nov. 5, right epandrial lamella; 6, cerci; 7, right surstylus; 8, left epandrial lamella; 9, antenna.
FIGURES 1–4 in New species and new synonyms in European Platypalpus (Diptera: Hybotidae)
FIGURES 1–4. Platypalpus ibericus sp. nov. 1, right epandrial lamella; 2, cerci; 3, left epandrial lamella; 4, antenna.
FIGURE 20–29 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)
FIGURE 20–29. Structure of the galea (lateral view): 20–21. Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.; 22–23. D. hirtipes; 24–25. D. sinuata; 26–27. D. oraniensis; 28. D. albipila; 29. D. tubera; (20, 22, 24, 26—females; scale = 0.2 mm; 21, 23, 25, 27–29— males; scale = 0.5 mm).
FIGURE 9–19 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)
FIGURE 9–19. Males of Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov. Different forms of color pubescence (left [9–12] and right [13–16] specimens were caught simultaneously at the same place of Tsyurupinsk district of Kherson region, Ukraine; 17–19— holotype): 9, 13. Male in dorsal view (scale = 5 mm); 10, 14, 17. Male in lateral view (scale = 5 mm); 11, 15. Metasoma in ventral view (scale = 2 mm); 12, 16, 18. Head in frontal view (scale = 1 mm); 19. Vertex of head (scale = 0.5 mm).
FIGURES 1–3 in New records and species of Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eocene European amber, with a brief review of described fossil beetles from Bitterfeld amber
FIGURES 1–3. Crepidodera tertiotertiaria sp. nov., holotype: 1—habitus, dorsal view; 2—habitus, ventral view; 3—head, frontal view.
FIGURES 10–12 in New records and species of Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eocene European amber, with a brief review of described fossil beetles from Bitterfeld amber
FIGURES 10–12. Crepidodera decolorata Nadein & Perkovsky: 10—habitus, dorsal view, specimen "337-3" [CCHH]; 11— habitus, ventral view, specimen "4943 C" [GPIH]; 12—habitus, lateral view, specimen "1464 C" [GPIH].
FIGURES 7–9 in New records and species of Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eocene European amber, with a brief review of described fossil beetles from Bitterfeld amber
FIGURES 7–9. Crepidodera tertiotertiaria sp. nov.: 7—details of elytra and pronotum, lateral view, paratype "4436 C" [GPIH]; 8—habitus, ventral view, non-type specimen "337-2" [CCHH]; 9—exposed styli, dorsal view, non-type specimen "337-2" [CCHH].
FIGURES 4–6 in New records and species of Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eocene European amber, with a brief review of described fossil beetles from Bitterfeld amber
FIGURES 4–6. Crepidodera tertiotertiaria sp. nov.: 4—details of anterior part of body, paratype "AB 044" [CAB]; 5— habitus, lateral view, paratype "4436 C" [GPIH]; 6—claws of metatarsus, non-type specimen "337-2" [CCHH].
FIGURES 3–4. Hypopygium, caudal. 3 in A new European species of Delia RobineauDesvoidy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) near the wheat bulb fly, D. coarctata (Fallén)
FIGURES 3–4. Hypopygium, caudal. 3. Delia coarctoides sp. nov. 4. D. coarctata (Fallén). Notice shape of cercal plate. Same scale.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.