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Figure 9. Formicidae species B in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 9. Formicidae species B, isolated forewing, OU44904; (1) photomicrograph; (2) line drawing; (3) reconstruction of the wing. The wing has been torn and opened up; the lower part in (1) and (2) is the hind portion of the wing that has been displaced downward and to the left.
Figure 7. Myrmecorhynchus novaeseelandiae n in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 7. Myrmecorhynchus novaeseelandiae n. sp., male, holotype, OU44569; (1) photomicrograph; (2) line drawing; (3) line drawing of left antenna.
Figure 4. Rhytidoponera waipiata n in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 4. Rhytidoponera waipiata n. sp., gyne, holotype, OU44899; (1) photomicrograph; (2) line drawing of the holotype; (3) reconstruction of forewing.
Figure 5. Rhytidoponera gibsoni n in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 5. Rhytidoponera gibsoni n. sp., gyne, holotype, OU44900; (1) photomicrograph; (2) line drawing.
Figure 2 in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 2. Illustration of the wing nomenclature used by Dlussky (2009). Wings of a gyne of Gnamptogenys europaea (Mayr, 1868), neotype SIZK, no. UA-822, late Eocene, Rovno amber. Designations: C, R, RS, M, Cu, A: longitudinal veins; 1RS, RS + M, 2M, etc.: longitudinal vein sections; r-rs, r-m, m-cu, etc.: cross-veins; 1r + 2r, rm, 3r, mcu, cua: cells.
Figure 6. Austroponera schneideri n in Early Miocene Formicidae (Amblyoponinae, Ectatomminae, ?Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, and Ponerinae) from the Foulden Maar Fossil Lagerstätte, New Zealand, and their biogeographic relevance
Figure 6. Austroponera schneideri n. sp., worker, holotype, OU44901; (1) photomicrograph; (2) line drawing.
FIGURE 5 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 5. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) desmophora sp. nov.: A. holotype QM G331844 from Macquarie Ridge (Australia EEZ) (left), paratypes QM G331846 (centre and right) from Macquarie Ridge (Australia EEZ); B. paratype QM G331845 from Macquarie Ridge (Australia EEZ); C. paratype NIWA 25184 from Chatham Rise (New Zealand EEZ); D. paratype NIWA 41136 from Macquarie Ridge (Australia EEZ); E. tip of branches (paratype QM G331845); F. tip of branch (paratype NIWA 41136); G. attachment base of paratype NIWA 21366, showing the basal desmas and the basal part of the main axis where the styles display a twisted arrangement.
FIGURE 2 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 2. Abyssocladia carcharias sp. nov.: A. holotype NIWA 62124; B. mycalostyle; C. microstyle; D. proximal and distal ends of a mycalostyle; E. isochelae I; F. isochelae II; G. isochelae III; H. sigmancistras I & II.
FIGURE 4 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 4. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) anisoplacochela sp. nov.: A. holotype NIWA 25835; B. styles; C. style; D. acanthotylostrongyle and close up of the head; E. anisoplacochela, profile view; F. anisoplacochela face view; G. anisoplacochela; H. anisoplacochela, small end; I. anisoplacochela, development stage; J. sigmancistra; K. anisochelae.
FIGURE 6 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 6. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) desmophora sp. nov.: A. zygosed desmas from the attachment base; B, C. mature and incomplete desmas; D. style and substrongyles from the base of the main axis; E. mycalostyle, mostly from the axis of the filaments; F. microtylostrongyle; G. anisochelae I, dorsal and frontal views; H. anisochela II; I. sigma (paratype NIWA 21353); J. sigmancistra (paratype NIWA 21366). All other images from holotype QM G331844.
FIGURE 3 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 3. Abyssocladia carcharias sp. nov. (holotype NIWA 62124): A, B. growth stages of isochelae I; C. growth stages of isochelae II & III.
FIGURE 1 in Three new remarkable carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from deep New Zealand and Australian (Macquarie Island) waters
FIGURE 1. Study area showing collection stations for new Cladorhizidae within the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone, the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone around Macquarie Island on Macquarie Ridge to the southwest of New Zealand, and in International waters to the south of the Australian EEZ. ˔ Abyssocladia carcharias sp. nov.; ● Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) anisoplacochela sp. nov.; Ο Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) desmophora sp. nov.
FIGURE 4. A in A new Clymenura (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) from the intertidal of Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, with a reassessment of Leiochone Grube, 1868 and Clymenura Verrill, 1900
FIGURE 4. A, Okains Bay beach type locality, with sampling equipment in foreground; B, cast and stopings of Clymenura snaiko sp. nov., Okains Bay beach. Scale bar 20 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new Clymenura (Polychaeta: Maldanidae) from the intertidal of Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, with a reassessment of Leiochone Grube, 1868 and Clymenura Verrill, 1900
FIGURE 3. Clymenura snaiko sp. nov. uncini. A, chaetiger 1 row in situ; B, chaetiger 14 row in situ; C, chaetiger 14 uncinal head; D, chaetiger 15 row in situ. A–B at actual relative sizes, scale bars 50 µm, C–D scale bars 20 µm.
FIGURE 1 in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the Elminiinae and early Tetraclitoidea. The earliest record of the Elminiinae is the four plated Protelminius pomahakensis from the Rupelian (early Oligocene) of New Zealand. Assuming a six-plated ancestor to this taxon, parsimony requires a Hexaminius-type first occurring in eastern Australia during the Eocene, from which the four-plated form evolved and dispersed across a proto-Tasman Sea to New Zealand. If Hexaminius had occurred in New Zealand, it would not be unreasonable to expect it in the present warmer northern waters. It was most likely during the Oligocene to early Miocene that Elminius dispersed to South America (shaded arrow); with colonization of the Falkland Islands and the eastern seaboard of South America being facilitated by the opening of the Drake Passage, which had occurred by that time (Scher and Morris, 2006). The dotted line shows the very recent distribution path for Austrominius modestus from Australasia to Europe; although there is a report of single specimen of A. modestus from South African waters – a 1949 record in Sandison (1950), there have been no further records from Africa since then, and we can only assume that it has failed to colonise in the area. Uncertainty about the high Austrominius diversity in a restricted region in South Australia necessitates that these taxa be grouped. A further arrow (dotted and shaded), extending from the Antarctic to what would have been the proto-Tasman Sea, delineates a possible westward dispersal route for the tetraclitoid genus Austrobalanus; which has the earliest records from the Bartonian (middle Eocene) of the Antarctic Peninsula (Buckeridge, 2000). Oceanic patterns at and immediately prior to that time (see Nelson and Cooke, 2001) provided an opportunity for Austrobalanus to have dispersed to southern New Zealand (where it is first recorded from the Rupelian (Oligocene). Extinct genera marked †.
FIGURE 4. Palaeogeographic Setting for the early Austrobalanidae. 4a in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 4. Palaeogeographic Setting for the early Austrobalanidae. 4a: Sketch depicting the oceanic systems that are likely to have operated in the south Pacific region during the late Palaeocene-early Eocene. At this time, the Antarctic continent was kept essentially ice-free by a large south Pacific warm-water gyre; counter-currents operating off Antarctic provided an opportunity for westward dispersal of Austrobalanus (to the McMurdo region and the proto-New Zealand land mass "NZ"). The dashed line represents a likely mobile transitional zone between marine regression and transgression. 4b: Southern ocean conditions during the Oligocene to early Miocene, after the initiation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. With the loss of the southern pacific warm-water gyre, glaciation of the Antarctic continent began (e.g. Kennett, 1977), with the resultant regional extinction of austrobalanid barnacles. The heavier dotted blue line represents the likely position of the cold and temperate water systems convergence. (Reconstruction adapted from Markwick et al., 1999; Barron and Peterson, 1991; Nelson and Cooke, 2001).
FIGURE 3 in A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand
FIGURE 3. Sessilia divergence time chronogram. Nodes determined on the basis of the fossil record (figures in nonitalics in MYBP) and molecular and morphological data (figures in italics; after Pérez-Losada et al., 2007). The lack of fossil evidence for sessilian barnacles prior to the Cretaceous boundary is compelling, especially as there is a very diverse and widespread record of Cretaceous scalpelliformes (Newman and Ross, 1976; Buckeridge, 1996). We adopt a parsimonious approach to this, concluding that the Sessilia evolved very quickly during the period following the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, such that all major balanomorph taxa had appeared between the early Palaeocene and the late Eocene. This is a much tighter timeframe than envisaged by Pérez-Losada et al., 2008.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species and a new subspecies of Tetraclitella (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Cainozoic of Australia and New Zealand and a consideration of the significance of tubiferous walls
FIGURE 3. Tetraclitella judiciae sp. nov. P313914 (holotype)–shell with opercular valves absent (the opercular opening is the large central quadrangular structure); carina at top. The dark, "round" cavity (c. 1.0 mm in diameter) to right of the opercular opening is an eroded radius, and it is here where the recrystallized shell fabric is suggestive of having had radial pores.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species and a new subspecies of Tetraclitella (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Cainozoic of Australia and New Zealand and a consideration of the significance of tubiferous walls
FIGURE 2. Tetraclitella nodicostata sp. nov. A: A177 (holotype)–latus, showing prominent, nodular longitudinal ribbing and narrow radius (exterior); B: A177–latus, showing weakly developed sheath and honeycomb like parietal pores (interior). Specimen has been coated with polyvinyl acetate to prevent disintegration.
FIGURE 1. Tetraclitella spp. A–E in Two new species and a new subspecies of Tetraclitella (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from the Cainozoic of Australia and New Zealand and a consideration of the significance of tubiferous walls
FIGURE 1. Tetraclitella spp. A–E: Tetraclitella judiciae sp. nov. A: RM 318–latus (exterior); B: RM 318–latus (interior), the central, large, ellipsoidal structure is a grain of calcite, that if removed may have damaged the plate. It is not part of the barnacle; C: P313914–detail showing eroded radius of left latus (central cavity on image), and ellipsoidal pattern produced by eroded parietal pores intersecting the exterior surface; D: P313914–detail showing basal section through the shell wall, with inner row of large, elongate pores and outer multi-porous zone; E: P313914–detail showing parietal pores that have been apically infilled; F: Tetraclitella purpurascens purpurascens (Wood, 1815): Basal view of parietes exposing edge of sheath (upper, unpatterned zone) and multi-porous zone that lacks a distinct inner row or larger, elongate pores.
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