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Figure 3. A–H, Monotheca hyalina. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 3. A–H, Monotheca hyalina. A, part of robust stem from cool temperate waters with intranodal septa; B, part of slender stem from temperate waters with no intranodal septa; C, hydrocladium and hydrotheca, lateral view; D, hydrocladium and hydrotheca, ventral view; E, gonotheca with female gonophore; F, apical stolonal plate; G, axillar hydrostatic pore; H, median inferior nematotheca; I, one of twin lateral nematothecae. Scale bar: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.5 mm; G–I, 0.1 mm.

Figure 1. A–G in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 1. A–G, Monotheca amphibola sp. nov. (drawn from holotype and paratypes). A, fertile stem with male and female gonothecae; B, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; C, median inferior nematotheca; D, cauline nematotheca; E, one of twin lateral nematothecae; F, axillar nematotheca; G, hydrorhizal nematotheca. H–N, Monotheca australis. H, infertile stem; I, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; J, female gonotheca with developing larva; K, median inferior nematotheca. Note clear demarcation between cup and peduncle (I) and its absence (K); L, axillar nematotheca; M, one of twin lateral nematothecae; N, axillar hydrostatic pore (axillar nematotheca not shown). Scale bar: A, 1 mm; B, I, H, 0.2 mm; C–G, K–N, 0.1 mm; J, 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 3. Fossil sphenisciform localities in Australia. 1 = Devil's Den; 2 = Portland; 3 = Spring Creek; 4 = Batesford Quarry; 5 = Beaumaris; 6 = Red Bluff; 7 = Hunter Island; 8 = Witton Bluff; 9 = Blanche Point; 10 = Mount Gambier

Figure 2 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 2. Temporally-calibrated phylogeny of Sphenisciformes modified from Ksepka and Ando (2011) and Ksepka et al. (2012), showing major trends in Sphenisciform evolution and the first occurrence of Sphenisciformes in each region with extant species. Stem sphenisciform branches are shown in black and crown clade Spheniscidae branches are shown in blue. Thick horizontal bars on branches indicate stratigraphic range maxima and minima. Abbreviations: AF, Africa; AN, Antarctica; AU, Australia; Ma, million years ago; SA, South America.

Figure 8. Sphenisciformes indet. partial right humerus, SAM P10863 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 8. Sphenisciformes indet. partial right humerus, SAM P10863: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Figure 1 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 1. Chronostratigraphy and correlation of Australian fossil penguin-bearing units, compared with the fossil record of Sphenisciformes on other continents. Note that the vertical ranges of stratigraphic units represent estimates of geologic age maxima and minima for penguin-bearing horizons, not necessarily discrete time-spans of deposition. Geologic timescale is after Gradstein et al. (2004) with updates from Walker and Geissman (2009). See Table 1 for references to ages of Australian units. Ages of African units: Hendey (1981); Roberts et al. (2011); Ksepka and Thomas (2012). Ages of Antarctic units: Dingle and Lavelle (2000); Jadwiszczak (2006); Marenssi et al. (2012). Ages of New Zealand units: White and Waterhouse (1993); Cooper (2004); Slack et al. (2006); Ksepka et al. (2012). Ages of South American units: Devries (1998); Scasso et al. (2001); Celma and Cantalamessa (2007); Achurra et al. (2009); Malumián and Náñez (2011); Uhen et al. (2011).

Figure 6. A–I, Monotheca togata. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 6. A–I, Monotheca togata. A, stem; B, part of stem showing internodes; C, slightly oblique ventral view of hydrotheca; D, full ventral view of hydrotheca, both views showing twin lateral nematothecae; E, apophysis of stem with proximal hydrocladium; F, gonotheca; G, cauline nematotheca; H, median inferior nematotheca; I, one of twin lateral nematothecae. Scale bar: A, F, 1 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C–I, 0.1 mm.

Figure 4. A–E, Monotheca obliqua. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 4. A–E, Monotheca obliqua. A, part of stem; B, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; C, female gonotheca; D, twin lateral nematothecae; E, axillar nematotheca and hydrostatic pore. Scale bar: A, C, 1 mm; B, 0.2 mm; D, E, 0.1 mm. F–L, Monotheca pulchella. F, part of stem; G, hydrocladium and hydrotheca; H, female gonothotheca with ova; I, anterior view of gonothecal aperture with internal lobate submarginal cusps. J, median inferior hydrocladial nematotheca. K, one of twin lateral nematothecae. L, axillar nematothecae. Scale bar: A,C, 1 mm.; B, 0.2 mm; F, H, 0.5 mm; D–E, I–L, 0.1 mm.

Figure 5. A–G, Monotheca spinulosa. A in Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923

Figure 5. A–G, Monotheca spinulosa. A, part of stem; B, hydrocladium with short terminal spine; C, hydrocladium with long terminal spine; D, female gonotheca with ova; E, two views of twin lateral nematothecae; F, axillar nematotheca; G, median inferior nematotheca. Scale bar: A, 0.3 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm; D,1 mm; E–H, 0.1 mm.

Figure 5. Pachydyptes simpsoni paratype, SAM P14158 in A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)

Figure 5. Pachydyptes simpsoni paratype, SAM P14158: proximal end of right radius in (A) ventral view and (C) dorsal view; partial right humerus in (B) ventral and (D) dorsal views.

Figure 47. Choerodon zosterophorus. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 47. Choerodon zosterophorus. A, Juvenile, USNM 436349, 43 mm SL, Oriental Mindoro, Puerto Galera, Philippines, photo by J. Williams, USNM; B, Initial phase adult, Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, photo by P. Ryan; C, Terminal phase adult, USNM 378714, 124 mm SL, Buyallao Island off SE Mindoro, Philippines, photo by J. Williams, USNM.

Figure 46 in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 46. Distribution of Choerodon sugillatum based on specimens examined (coloured) and collection registration records (white).

Figure 45. Choerodon sugillatum. Terminal phase adult, CSIRO H 3897-04, 135 in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 45. Choerodon sugillatum. Terminal phase adult, CSIRO H 3897-04, 135 mm SL, Pollard Channel, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, 11° 51.51' S, 143° 27.83' E, photo by T. Carter, CSIRO.

Figure 43. Choerodon margaritiferus. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 43. Choerodon margaritiferus. A, Initial phase adult, USNM 435387, 114 mm SL, Cebu, Kawit, Medellin, Visayan Sea, Philippines, photo by J. Williams, USNM; B, Terminal phase adult, USNM 435389, 115 mm SL, Kawit, Medellin, Visayan Sea, Cebu, Philippines, photo by J. Williams, USNM.

Figure 41. Choerodon jordani. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 41. Choerodon jordani. A, Juvenile, Manabe, Kii Peninsula, Japan, photo by K. Yamasaki; B, Juvenile, Mana Island, Fiji, photo by K. Uchino; C, Initial phase adult, KPM-NI 19119, 98.0 mm SL, Miyako Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, photo by H. Senou, KPM; D, Terminal phase adult, KPM-NI 30612, 124 mm SL, Motobu, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, photo by H. Senou, KPM.

Figure 42 in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 42. Distributions of Choerodon jordani (circles) and C. zosterophorus (squares) based on specimens examined (coloured) and collection registration records (white).

Figure 40 in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 40. Distributions of Choerodon gymnogenys (circles) and C. skaiopygmaeus sp. nov. (squares) based on specimens examined.

Figure 27. Choerodon fasciatus. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 27. Choerodon fasciatus. A, Juvenile, BPBM 27100, 35 mm SL, New Caledonia, photo by J. Randall, BPBM; B, Initial phase adult, BPBM 41249, 140 mm SL, Lizard Island, photo by J. Randall, BPBM; C, MNHN 1980-0782, 162 mm SL, New Caledonia, photo by J. Randall, BPBM.

Figure 35 in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 35. Choerodon aurulentus sp. nov. Paratype, NSMT-P 122932, 177 mm SL, Western South Pacific, New Zealand, Norfolk Ridge, 28° 44.4' S, 167° 55' E, photo compliments of Far Seas Fisheries Laboratory, Japan.

Figure 23. Choerodon robustus. A in A review of the tuskfishes, genus Choerodon (Labridae, Perciformes), with descriptions of three new species

Figure 23. Choerodon robustus. A, Initial phase adult, CSIRO H 7989-01, 146 mm SL, Pelabuhanratu, West Java, Indonesia, photo by W. White, CSIRO; B, Presumed initial phase adult, Oman, photo by K. Wilson; C, Terminal phase adult, MZB 23115, 220 mm SL, Pelabuhanratu, West Java, Indonesia, photo by W. White, CSIRO.