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Figure 4 in Climatic dependence in the daily and seasonal calling activity of anurans from coastal wetlands of southernmost Brazil

Figure 4. Calling activity frequency of the species of anuran amphibians found in wetlands from southernmost Brazil, highlighting the seasons with greatest activity: spring 2013 (September– November 2013); summer 2013 (December 2012–February 2013) and summer 2014 (December 2013–February 2014). The number of records per hour is represented by: white – no records; dotted area – 1-7 records; horizontal bar – 8-14 records; dark grey – 15-21 records; black – 22- 36 records; and plus symbol – activity peak indicated by the mean vector (µ) of the circular analysis.

Figure 1 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns

Figure 1. Habitat of Helicops pastazae in the Bata River. (a) Map locating the studied population of H. pastazae. (b) Adult female of H. pastazae. (c) Bata River during the dry season surrounded by rocks and relictual forest. (d) Chivor dam. (e) Discharge of the water dam of Chivor. Photographs A-D by Diego A. Gómez-Sánchez, and photograph E by Adrian Pinzón.

opennotspecifiedJan 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Dietary ecology of common amphibian species in a seasonal location in northern Sri Lanka

Figure 2. Prey size (mm) preferences of the sampled amphibian species. (Ma: Minervarya agricola, Ec: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Dm: Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Ut: Uperodon taprobanicus, Ur: Uperodon rohani, Eh: Euphlyctis hexadactylus).

opennotspecifiedJan 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Dietary ecology of common amphibian species in a seasonal location in northern Sri Lanka

Figure 1. Relationship between standardised gape width (GW/SVL) of frogs and their prey length (mm).

Figure 4 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns

Figure 4. Proportion of adult females and males of H. pastazae in different reproductive stages by season. (a) Females in previtellogenic (dark grey), vitellogenic I (light grey), vitellogenic II (white), and gravid (black) stages. (b) Males in stage 4 (black), stage 5 (dark grey), stage 6 (light grey), and stage 7 (white) of spermatogenesis. The numbers above the bars represent the sample size.

Figure 3 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns

Figure 3. Monthly variation in gonadal measurements and reproductive stages versus mean rainfall by month. Striped bars indicate the 4-month dry season. White bars indicate the high-rainfall portion of the wet season and grey bars indicate the low-rainfall portion. (a) Monthly variation in the follicular diameter and reproductive stages in H. pastazae. Dark grey triangles: previtellogenic follicles. Squares: vitellogenic I follicles. Dark grey circles: vitellogenic II follicles. Open circles: females with oviductal eggs. (b) Monthly variation in testicular volume (mm3) and spermatogenic stages. Open circles: Stage 4 (early spermatids at lumen). Gray triangles: stage 5 (transforming spermatids at lumen). Dark grey circles: stage 6 (abundant spermatozoa at lumen). White squares: Stage 7 (testicular regression).

Figure 2 in Reproductive phenology in a Neotropical aquatic snake shows marked seasonality influenced by rainfall patterns

Figure 2. Sexual dimorphism in juveniles and adults body shape of H. pastazae. (a) Snout-vent length for both juveniles and adults. (b) Juveniles tail length. (c–f) Sexual dimorphism in adults. (c) Tail length. (d) Head length. (e) Head width. (f) Mid-body width considering only previtellogenic females. Closed circle: males. Opened circles: females.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Seasonally varying marine influences on the coastal ecosystem detected through molecular gut analysis

Terrestrial predators on marine shores benefit from the inflow of organisms and matter from the marine ecosystem, often causing very high predator densities and indirectly affecting the abundance of other prey species on shores. This indirect effect may be particularly strong if predators shift diets between seasons. We therefore quantified the seasonal variation in diet of two wolf spider species that dominate the shoreline predator community, using molecular gut content analyses with general primers to detect the full prey range. Across the season, spider diets changed, with predominantly terrestrial prey from May until July and predominantly marine prey (mainly chironomids) from August until October. This pattern coincided with a change in the spider age and size structure, and prey abundance data and resource selection analyses suggest that the higher consumption of chironomids during autumn is due to an ontogenetic diet shift rather than to variation in prey abundance. The analyses suggested that small dipterans with a weak flight capacity, such as Chironomidae, Sphaeroceridae, Scatopsidae and Ephydridae, were overrepresented in the gut of small juvenile spiders during autumn, whereas larger, more robust prey, such as Lepidoptera, Anthomyidae and Dolichopodidae, were overrepresented in the diet of adult spiders during spring. The effect of this inflow may be that the survival and growth of juvenile spiders is higher in areas with high chironomid abundances, leading to higher densities of adult spiders and higher predation rates on the terrestrial prey next spring.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Clock gene evolution: seasonal timing, phylogenetic signal, or functional constraint?

Genetic determinants of seasonal reproduction are not fully understood, but may be important predictors of organism responses to climate change. We used a comparative approach to study the evolution of seasonal timing within a fish community in a natural common garden setting. We tested the hypothesis that allelic length variation in the PolyQ domain of a circadian rhythm gene, Clock1a, corresponded to interspecific differences in seasonal reproductive timing across five native and one introduced cyprinid fishes (n = 425 individuals) that co-occur in the Rio Grande, New Mexico, USA. Most common allele lengths were longer in native species that initiated reproduction earlier (Spearman's r = -0.70, p = 0.23). Clock1a allele length exhibited strong phylogenetic signal and earlier spawners were evolutionarily derived. Aside from length variation in Clock1a, all other amino acids were identical across native species, suggesting functional constraint over evolutionary time. Interestingly, the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus) exhibited less allelic variation in Clock1a and observed heterozygosity was 2- to 6-fold lower than the five other (non-imperiled) species. Reduced genetic variation in this functionally important gene may impede this species' capacity to respond to ongoing environmental change.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Data from: A sink host allows a specialist herbivore to persist in a seasonal source

Filename: 1_Population_growth_rate.xlsx Variables: 1. Source host - the plant species from which experimental females were transferred  2. Target host - the plant species to which experimental females were transferred 3. Generations - tested time period, in generations 4. N0 - the number of females placed at the beginning of the experiment 5. N - the number of mites (being a progeny of N0 females) counted after each tested time period Filename: 2_Emigration_dispersal.xlsx Variables: 1. Source host - the plant species infested by mites and exposed to wind 2. Target host - the plant species toward which mites could disperse 3. N - population size on the source host 4. D - the number of individuals that dispersed from the source host Filename: 3_Emigration_acceptance.xlsx Variables: 1. Source host - the plant species from which experimental females were transferred  2. Target host - the plant species to which experimental females were transferred 3. N - the number of females placed on the experimental arena 4. R - the number of females that stayed on the experimental arena after incubation  Filename: 4_Experimental_evolution.xlsx Variables: 1. Regime - host selection regime (W - wheat; B - brome; WB - wheat-brome alternating each three generations on each host species) 2. Generations - the number of generations the population survived 3. Status - 0 - censored observation; 1 - observed event of extinction Filename: 5_Field_database.xlsx Variables: 1. Sampling date - date of plant collection in the field 2. Day - the day of the year when the sample was collected 3. Year - the year of the sample collection 4. Database - N: the sample collected during 2012-2014 surveys; O: the sample collected during 2007-2014 surveys 5. Host - the plant species collected 6. GPS lat. [N] - the latitude in the northern hemisphere 7. GPS long. [E] - the longitude in the eastern hemisphere 8. n - the number of all plant shoots examined 9. k - the number of plant shoots infested

FIGURE 7 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 7: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination plot for diatom assemblage similarity among transect sites. Bray-Curtis similarity is the distance metric. Two dimensional stress = 0.15.

FIGURE 2 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 2: Stylized layout of a typical culvert site showing Tamiami Trail, the culvert and associated scourpool, the vegetation halo, transitional area, and locations of transect sampling sites and ISCO autosampler.

FIGURE 4 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 4: Example of water column nutrient concentration from transect station water grab samples at culvert C47. 4a: Total nitrogen concentrations. 4b: Total phosphorus concentrations. Site names are represented by transect and location initials. For example NC is North transect, Central location.

FIGURE 6 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 6: 6a: Mean taxonomic richness (r) by transect. Error bars denote 95% confidence interval. 6b: Mean Shannon Index (H') by transect. Error bars denote 95% confidence interval. Letters denote pairwise differences indicated by ANOVA.

FIGURE 1 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 1: Map of South Florida highlighting the Florida Everglades and the northern boundary of Everglades National Park, showing the location of the Tamiami pilot spreader swales culvert sites.

FIGURE 3 in Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)

FIGURE 3: Trends in water column nutrient concentration and Tamiami canal stage during the study period from October 2009 through April 2010. 3a: Trends in total nitrogen concentration (µmol · L-1) at ISCO autosampler sites. 3b: Trends in total phosphorus concentration (µmol · L-1) at ISCO autosampler sites. 3c: Trends in Tamiami canal stage between S333 and S334 water control structures (South Florida Water Management District Data).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Seasonal upwelling reduces herbivore control of tropical rocky intertidal algal communities

Communities are shaped by a variety of ecological and environmental processes, each acting at different spatial scales. Seminal research on rocky shores highlighted the effects of consumers as local determinants of primary productivity and community assembly. However, it is now clear that the species interactions shaping communities at local scales are themselves regulated by large-scale oceanographic processes that generate regional variation in resource availability. Upwelling events deliver nutrient-rich water to coastal ecosystems, influencing primary productivity and algal-herbivore interactions. Despite the potential for upwelling to alter top-down control by herbivores, we know relatively little about the coupling between oceanographic processes and herbivory on tropical rocky shores, where herbivore effects on producers are considered to be strong. By replicating seasonal molluscan herbivore exclusion experiments across three regions exposed to varying intensity of seasonal upwelling, separated by hundreds of kilometers along Panama's Pacific coast, we examine large-scale environmental determinants of consumer effects and community structure on tropical rocky shores. At sites experiencing seasonal upwelling, grazers strongly limited macroalgal cover when upwelling was absent, leading to dominance by crustose algae. As nutrients increased and surface water cooled during upwelling events, increases in primary productivity temporarily weakened herbivory, allowing foliose, turf and filamentous algae to replace crusts. Meanwhile, grazer effects were persistently strong at sites without seasonal upwelling. Our results confirm that herbivores are key determinants of tropical algal cover, however, our focus on regional oceanographic conditions revealed that bottom-up processes regulate top-down control on tropical shorelines. This study expands on the extensive body of work highlighting the influence of upwelling on local ecological processes by demonstrating that nutrient subsidies delivered by upwelling events can weaken herbivory in tropical rocky shores.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Strong non-growing season N uptake by deciduous trees in a temperate forest: A 15N isotopic experiment

Nitrogen (N) is a critical element for vegetation growth and subsequent carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Plant N uptake, the only pathway for plants to directly obtain N from soils, is a bottleneck process for ecosystem C and N cycling. Ecological theories predict that deciduous trees remain dormant and do not take up N during winters as no growth occurs during this season. In this study, we adopted a 15N isotopic experiment to trace N processes throughout the non-growing season in a temperate forest in northern China. The 15N-labeled inorganic N (NH4+ and NO3−) and 13C15N-labeled organic N (glycine and tyrosine) (equivalent to 150 mg 15N m-2) were applied to soils at mid-fall, and the 15N recovery in various components of dominant evergreen and deciduous species was analyzed. We found that soil N transformation remained active in the winter and microbial N immobilization reached its peak in late winter. Surprisingly, deciduous species maintained a high N uptake that was comparable with the evergreen species throughout the non-growing season. Perennial herbs did not take up N until the next spring. All plant species acquired inorganic N and simple amino acids, while only the tree species utilized complex amino acids. Throughout the non-growing season, evergreen and deciduous trees showed higher uptake rates for NH4+ and glycine than NO3− and tyrosine, while deciduous shrubs and herbs showed a stronger preference for NO3− over other N forms. Synthesis: The finding that deciduous trees have strong N uptake in the non-growing season challenges the conventional viewpoint that deciduous trees remain dormant during non-growing seasons. This mechanism might supplement the algorithm in the model representation of N-limited temperate forest ecosystems.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Climate warming dominates over plant genotype in shaping the seasonal trajectory of foliar fungal communities on oak

Leaves interact with a wealth of microorganisms. Among these, fungi are highly diverse, and are known to contribute to plant health, leaf senescence and early decomposition. However, patterns and drivers of the seasonal dynamics of foliar fungal communities are poorly understood. We used a multi-factorial experiment to investigate the influence of warming and tree genotype on the foliar fungal community on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur across one growing season. Fungal species richness increased, evenness tended to decrease, and community composition strongly shifted during the growing season. Yeasts increased in relative abundance as the season progressed, while putative fungal pathogens decreased. Warming decreased species richness, reduced evenness and changed community composition, especially in the end of the growing season. Warming also negatively affected putative fungal pathogens. We only detected a minor imprint of tree genotype and warming-by-genotype interactions on species richness and community composition. Overall, our findings demonstrate that warming plays a larger role than plant genotype in shaping the seasonal dynamics of the foliar fungal community on oak. These warming-induced shifts in the foliar fungal community may have a pronounced impact on plant health, plant-fungal interactions and ecosystem functions.